BIO 210 Lab

Exercise 15: Histology of Nervous Tissue

Define the two cell types based on function and microscopic anatomy: Figures 17.1 and 17.2 illustrate the structures of each.

neuron

neuroglia (glial cells)

Identify on the neuron:

cell body (soma)
Nissl bodies
dendrites
axons
axon hillock
synaptic terminals (axon terminals)

Identify on the myelinated nerve fibers in the PNS:

Schwann cells
neurilemma
nucleus
myelin sheath
axon of a neuron
node of Ranvier

Identify on the synapse:

axon terminal
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane
synaptic vesicles

*You do not need to know the structure of a nerve, but read it over and look at figure 15.8—it will help you better understand the composition of a nerve.

Exercise 17: Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves

**Before dissecting the sheep brain, you need to have a solid understanding of what you’ll be looking for, so we’ll cover the models first, then the sheep.***

Cerebrum: Surface

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
longitudinal fissure
transverse fissure
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus
precentral gyrus of frontal lobe (primary motor area)
postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe (primary somatosensory area)

Cerebrum: Cross-section

cerebral cortex (gray matter)
cerebral white matter
corpus callosum
lateral ventricles

Diencephalon

thalamus
hypothalamus
third ventricle
sensory attachments: / olfactory bulb, olfactory tract
optic nerves, optic chiasma
optic tracts
endocrine attachments: / pineal body/gland
pituitary gland

Midbrain

cerebral peduncles
corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct

Hindbrain

pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum
cerebellar cortex
(gray matter)
arbor vitae
(cerebellar white matter)
fourth ventricle

Meninges

dura mater
arachnoid mater
subdural space
pia mater

Cerebrospinal Fluid

choroid plexuses

Cranial Nerves— Know numbers and names!

I. / Olfactory / sensory
II. / Optic / sensory
III. / Oculomotor / primarily motor
IV. / Trochlear / primarily motor
V. / Trigeminal
mandibular, maxillary, ophthalmic branches / sensory & motor
VI. / Abducens / motor
VII. / Facial / sensory & motor
VIII. / Vestibulocochlear / sensory
IX. / Glossopharyngeal / sensory & motor
X. / Vagus / sensory & motor
XI. / Accessory / primarily motor
XII. / Hypoglossal / primarily motor

Pneumonic for the nerve NAMES:

O O O T T A F V G V A H

on occasion, our trusty truck acts funny-very good vehicle any how

Pneumonic for the nerve FUNCTIONS:

S S M M B M B S B B M M

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S=sensory M=motor B=both

Exercise 19: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Similarities in the gross structure of spinal cord and brain:

Meninges / dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
Gray matter
White matter
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

In the spinal cord but not in the cranial meninges:

epidural space
filum terminale

Identify on the spinal cord model:

medulla oblongata
pons
conus medullaris
spinal nerves
cervical spinal nerves
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
thoracic spinal nerves
brachial plexus
no plexus for intercostal nerves
lumbar spinal nerves
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
sacral spinal nerves
sacral plexus
cauda equina
Sympathetic chain ganglia

Identify in a transverse section of the spinal cord:

ventral roots
dorsal roots
dorsal root ganglia
central canal
gray matter:
gray commissure
posterior (dorsal) horn
anterior (ventral) horn
lateral horn
white matter:
anterior (ventral) white column
posterior (dorsal) white column
lateral white column