AP BIOLOGY SEMESTER 1 EXAM REVIEW Name:______

  1. List the five conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______
  7. State what each term in the Hardy-Weinberg formula and equation represents.
  8. p2 ______
  9. 2pq______
  10. q2 ______
  11. p ______
  12. q ______
  13. The ability to taste PTC is due to a single dominate allele "T". You sampled 215 individuals in biology, and determined that 150 could detect the bitter taste of PTC and 65 could not. Calculate all of the potential frequencies.
    Use the data table below to make a cladogram depicting the following sets of traits:

  1. According to the cladogram,
  2. Which species is most closely related to humans? ______
  3. Which species is least closely related to humans? ______
  4. Label the point on your cladogram that represents the most recent common ancestor between the bullfrog and the kangaroo.
  5. What is the difference between analogous and homologous structures? ______
  6. How do analogous structures arise in two unrelated groups of organisms? ______
  7. Describe some prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to the ability to interbreed.
  8. Prezygotic:______
  9. Postzygotic:______
  10. What is allopatric speciation? ______
  11. What is sympatric speciation?______
  12. What is genetic drift?______
  13. What is gene flow? ______
  14. What is fitness, as defined by Darwin? ______
  15. What is natural selection? ______
  16. List and describe the three domains of life.
  17. ______
  18. ______
  19. ______
  20. How many covalent bonds can carbon form? ______
  21. How do hydrogen bonds form and why is this important? ______
  22. pH is a measure of ______. The pH values below 7 are ______while pH above 7 is ______; pH 7 is ______.
  23. What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions? ______
  24. What is the general formula for a monosaccharide? ______
  25. What is the function of monosaccharides? ______
  26. List three examples of monosaccharides:______
  27. What are polysaccharides? ______
  28. What are the functions of polysaccharides? ______
  29. What are the functions of
  30. glycogen ______
  31. starch______
  32. cellulose ______
  33. chitin ______
  34. What are the structural components of fats, phospholipids, and steroids? ______
  35. Fats store ______.
  36. Phospholipids form ______.
  37. Steroids may function as ______.
  38. Proteins are polymers of ______joined by ______bonds.
  39. Describe the following structures of proteins:
  40. primary______
  41. secondary ______
  42. tertiary______
  43. quaternary ______
  44. Energy is defined as ______.
  45. What is entropy?______
  46. How does ATP power cellular work? ______
  47. How do enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions? ______
  48. Sketch a graph showing the energy changes with an exergonic reaction with and without enzyme present:
  1. Explain the “induced fit” model of enzyme action ______
  1. List eight organelles found in the cell and their functions.
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______
  7. ______
  8. ______
  9. ______
  10. What are the differences between diffusion and active transport? ______
  11. Define:
  12. Hypotonic: ______
  13. Hypertonic: ______
  14. Isotonic:______
  15. Briefly explain the role of auxin in phototropism ______
  16. What is photoperiodism?______
  17. How are short day plants and long day plants different?______
  18. What effect does red and far red light have on photoperiod? ______
  19. What are the two main types of immune system defenses in animals?______
  20. List and define 5 non-specific immune responses:
  21. ______
  22. ______
  23. ______
  24. ______
  25. ______
  26. What is the difference between cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity? ______
  27. Which types of cells contribute to humoral immunity? Give the function for each type of cell. ______
  28. Which types of cells contribute to cell mediated immunity? Give the function of each type of cell. ______
  29. What is the difference between an endotherm and an ectotherm? ______
  30. Describe the parts of a neuron.
  31. Dendrites______
  32. Axon______
  33. Nodesof Ranvier______
  34. Terminalbranches______
  35. Synapticcleft______
  36. Describe the release of neurotransmitters at a synapse______
  37. How second messengers work?______
  38. Give two examples of second messengers
  39. ______
  40. ______
  41. Where is insulin produced and what is its function? ______
  42. Where is glucagon produced and what is its function? ______