ÜDS A
Can coal ever become a friend of the environment? Coal-fired powerstations supply half the electricity used in America, and a similaramount in many other Industrial countries, but are responsible for 10% of the power industry's emissions of carbon dioxide -the most worrisome of the so-called "greenhouse gases". Because of special exemptions, much of the country's coal-derived electricity comes from plants that are more than 30 years old. Many of these plants are approaching the end oftheircommercial lives, and the thought of having to replace a lot of dirty old powerstations, with new ones that will have to comply with the Clean Air Act, is causing a nightmare in the power industry. Suddenly, energyengineers are talking about "clean coal" technology. That message has been heard before. There was similarexcitementoverclean coal in the mid-1980s and early1990s. Large sums of taxpayers' money wore handed out to firms developingcleancoal. The difference this time, say energyengineers, is that a number of electricityhave actually started building facilities that use clean coal.
12 / environment / çevre / 1 / comply with / uymak,bağdaşmak4 / supply / sağlamak / 1 / nightmare / kabus
4 / responsible for / -den sorumlu / 1 / suddenly / Aniden
3 / responsible / sorumlu, mesul / 5 / Hear / İşitmek
1 / worrisome / endişe verici,kaygılandırıcı / 2 / Similar / Benzer
1 / so-called / diye anılan / 1 / excitement / Heyecan
1 / exemption / bağışıklık / 1 / Hand out / Dağıtmak
1 / approach / yaklaşmak / 3 / developing / Gelişmekte olan
2 / commercial / ticari / 13 / develop / geliştirmek
5 / replace / yerine koymak, değiştirmek / 1 / difference / Fark
2 / a number of / Birtakım birkaç / 3 / actually / Gerçekten,aslında
2 / facilities / Araç gereç, olanak / 1 / end of / -ın sonu
In terms of pure science, the discovery that the universe is in the grip of a strange "antigravity" force that is making it expand ever faster, is the most significant of the last decade. The possibility that such a force might exist has been known for years, with theorists finding that it keptreappearingout of Einstein's theory of gravity. For years they tried to avoid it coming up with all sorts of arguments for why the force couldn't really exist. Now they're being forced to face it, and to face the embarrassing fact that they can't explain the single most importantforce in the universe.
1 / In terms of / -e göre / 2 / strange / Tuhaf, acayip6 / discovery / Keşif,buluş / 2 / grip / Sıkı tutma, kavrama
7 / universe / evren / 2 / significant / Anlamlı, önemli
7 / gravity / yerçekimi / 8 / decade / On yıl
2 / expand / genişletmek / 2 / possibility / İmkan,olanak
6 / force / Güç,kuvvet / 17 / know / Bilmek
3 / finding / Bulgu, bulunmuş / 7 / keep / Tutmak,saklamak
3 / out of / -den yapılmış / 1 / reappear / Yeniden ortaya çıkmak görünmek
8 / tried / denemek / 3 / avoid / Sakınmak,kaçınmak,
1 / come up / Meydana cıkmak,görüşmek / 1 / argument / tartışma
3 / really / gerçekten / 11 / exist / Var olmak
1 / embarrassing / utandırıcı / 3 / explain / Açıklamak,anlatmak
3 / single / tek / 9 / important / önemli
Air-starved soil could have been a key player in the largest extinction ever to strike Earth. The claimfollows the discovery of arare mineral in ancient soilcollected from Antarctica. The extinction, at the end of the Permian period 250 million years ago, wiped out virtually all marine life and some 70 per cent of land animals. But the reason for the extinction, which preceded the rise of the dinosaurs, has been a longstandingpuzzle. Now a team of geologists think they have found what could be a majorfactor in the extinction. They collected fossilized soilsamples that formed in Antarctica just after the Permian period ended. The soilcontained nodule-shaped minerals that have been identified as berthierine. This iron-rich mineral forms only in environments where oxygen is scarce. So, if the oxygen levels in the soil were low enough to allow berthierine to form, then it follows that the soil would not have been able to supportplant life. Such intolerably low levels of oxygen would be enough to kill the plants off completely
11 / soil / toprak / 2 / virtually / Hemen hemen,neredeyse4 / extinction / Söndürme,sönme / 4 / marine / Deniz hayatı
2 / strike / Vurmak,çarpmak / 19 / land / Kara,toprak
4 / claim / iddia / 1 / reason / Sebep,neden
3 / follow / Takipetmek,izlemek / 1 / precede / -den önde gelmek olmak
2 / rare / Seyrek,nadir / 1 / rise / yükselmek
2 / ancient / Antik,eski / 1 / longstanding / Uzun süredir var olan
5 / collect / toplamak / 1 / puzzle / Çözmek,bulmaca
4 / wipe out / Silip süpürmek,yok etmek / 1 / sample / örnek
4 / end / Son,sonuçlanmak / 19 / formed / Şekillendirmek,biçimlendirmek
1 / scarce / Seyrek,nadir / 11 / level / Seviye
4 / enough / yeterli / 4 / amount / Miktar
4 / contain / Kapsamak,içermek / 2 / identify / Tanımak,teşhis etmek
5 / allow / İzin vermek / 1 / support / Desteklemek
20 / plant / bitki / 8 / kill / Öldürmek
1 / completely / Tamamen,bütünüyle / 1 / intolerably
When it is completed late next year, a 39storey apartment building under construction in San Francisco will be the tallest precast concretestructure ever built in an area of high seismic activity. Its builders are using an innovative new structuralconnection that could revolutionize the way buildings are built in seismic zones. Conventional cast-in-place and precast systemssurviveearthquakes by dissipating the energy through the structure, often doing irreparabledamage to themselves in the process. The new connection, developed with help from the University of Washington, consist of high strengthsteel reinforcing cables and "mild" steel bars that stretchslightlyduring an earthquake, then pull the building back into place. The steelcomponents also considerablyreduce seismic energy before it can attack the structure. This means less damage to beams, walls and ceilings.
5 / complete / tamamlamak / 4 / survive / Yaşamak,hayatta kalmak1 / storey / kat / 3 / earthquake / deprem
3 / construction / İnşa,yapı / 1 / irreparable / onarılmaz
4 / concrete / Somut,beton / 9 / damage / Zarar,zarar vermek
11 / structure / yapı / 3 / themselves / kendileri
1 / innovative / Yenilikçi / 6 / process / İşlem,süreç
4 / structural / yapısal / 1 / consist of / ,den meydana gelmek
2 / connection / Bağlantı / 1 / highstrength / Yüksek mukavemetli
1 / revolutionize / -de devrim yapmak / 9 / steel / çelik
3 / Conventional / geleneksel / 2 / component / Bileşen
1 / stretch / Germek,uzatmak / 2 / slightly / birazcık
2 / pull / çekmek / 2 / considerably / Epeyce,oldukça
5 / reduce / azaltmak
To understand topicssuch as the origin of the universe, the ultimate fate of black holesand the possibility of time travel, we need to understand how the universe works. We now have a good ideaabout what the basic building blocks of matter might be. Physics in the 20th century was built1 on the twinrevolutions of quantum mechanics (a theory of matter) and Einstein's theory of space, time and gravitationknown as relativity. But it's extremelyunsatisfying to find two ultimatedescriptions of reality when you're looking for just one. Trying to unify the two theories presents formidable technical and conceptualobstacles that have challenged some of the finest theoretical physicists for decades.
2 / topic / konu / 4 / relativity / Görelilik,izafiyet3 / origin / Köken,kaynak / 1 / extremely / Aşırı derecede
3 / ultimate / Son,en son / 1 / unsatisfying / Tatmin etmeyici
2 / hole / Delik, çukur / 1 / satisying / Tatmin edici
4 / travel / Seyehat etmek / 1 / description / Tanımlama,acıklama
6 / matter / madde / 1 / reality / gerçeklik
1 / twin / ikiz / 1 / unify / birleştirmek
3 / revolution / devrim,devir,dönme / 7 / present / Sunmak,şimdiki
9 / space / uzay / 1 / formidable / Korkulur,heybetli
2 / gravitation / Yercekimi,yer çekim gücü / 1 / conceptual / Kavramsal
1 / obstacle / Engel,mani / 1 / challenge / Meydan okumak
2 / theoretical / kuramsal
It seems that a programme designed to destroy Columbia's hugeillegaldrugs business could be poisoning farmers and damaging the environment. Backed by 1.3 billion of US governmentfunds, drugenforcersroutinelyidentifyfields of coca plants and opium poppies, and spray them lrom the air with herbicide. Around120,000 hectares have been sprayed with the herbicide "glyphosphate". But althoughglyphosphate is considered to be relativelysafe for humans and the environment, the Colombian government has received over a thousand complaints from people who to have suffered ill effects after I'oming into contact with the chemical. symptoms range from skin and I've irritations to coughing and vomiting. Somecritics suspectadditives to the spray areresponsible. Others on the groundcomplained that the spray had killed foodcrops when it drifted onto them from nearbyfields.
7 / design / tasarlamak / 11 / consider / Düşünmek,göz önünde tutmak1 / destroy / yıkmak / 1 / relatively / Göreceli olarak
5 / huge / büyük / 6 / safe / güvenli
1 / illegal / yasadışı / 3 / receive / Almak, kabul etmek
3 / drug / ilaç / 2 / complaint / Şikayet
2 / poisoning / Zehirlenme / 2 / suffer / Acı cekmek
1 / poison / Zehir,zehirlemek / 10 / effect / Etki,sonuç
2 / damaging / Zararlı,zarar görmüş / 3 / contact / Bağlantı kurmak
8 / government / hükümet / 8 / range / Aralık,alan
3 / fund / Fon,para / 1 / irritation / Kızgınlık,öfke,tahriş
2 / routinely / Düzenli olarak / 1 / coughing / öksürme
10 / field / alan / 2 / vomiting / kusarak
3 / critic / Eleştirici,eleştirmen / 4 / suspect / Kuşku duymak,süphelenmek
2 / symptom / Belirti,işaret,alamet / 1 / complain / Şikayet etmek
8 / crop / ekin / 2 / drift / Sürüklenmek,birikinti
3 / nearby / Yakın,yakında
ÜDS B
In a biography of Bardeen, recentlypublished, he does not fit the popular stereotype of scientificgenius, for he is surprisinglysane and ordinary. As far as character goes, he had severalassets. To start with he was a notable team builder. Tenacious when it came toattacking problems, he had the gift of breaking a large problem down into smaller, more soluble parts and then reassembling the whole. As a teacher, his habit of stopping to think allowed his students to do so too. Government and industryvalued his adviceaccording to one commentator, he helped Xerox to build one of the finest industrial laboratories in the world in the fields of organic and disorderedsolids during the late 1970s. but, perhaps, the most telling aspect of Bardeen's character was his willingness to share the credit with others. For example, he deliberately staled away from the meeting of the American Physical Society in March 1957 at which' his theory of superconductivity was first presented, so that the contribution of his young co-researchers would be recognized.
4 / recently / Son zamanlarda / 1 / gift / Hediye,armağan1 / published / yayınlanmış / 1 / soluble / Çözünür,çözünebilir
1 / stereotype / şablon / 1 / reassemble / Yeniden toplamak
1 / genius / dahi / 4 / habit / alışkanlık
1 / surprisingly / Şaşırtıcı şekilde / 2 / advice / Tavsiye vermek,tavsiye
1 / ordinary / sıradan / 4 / according to / -e göre
1 / As far as / Kadarıyla,-e göre / 1 / valued / değerlendirilmiş
1 / sane / Akıl başında / 7 / value / değer
1 / asset / Mal,kıymetli şey / 1 / commentator / Yorumcu,eleştirmen
1 / notable / Tanınmış,göze carpan / 1 / disordered / Düzensiz,karışık
1 / Tenacious / İnatcı,vazgeçmez / 1 / disorder / düzensizlik
5 / attack / saldırmak / 1 / aspect / Görüş,bakış açısı
1 / willingness / isteklilik / 2 / share / paylaşmak
6 / For example / örneğin / 1 / credit / İtimat etmek,kredi
1 / deliberately / Kasten,mahsus / 1 / conductivity / İletkenlik
1 / contribution / Bağış,yardım / 1 / recognized / Tanınımış
2 / researcher / araştırıcı / 1 / recognize / Tanımak
Transport represents 22 per cent of total energyconsumption in industrialized countries, mainly in the form of automobiles. Although this is the fastest growth sector in such countries, the rate of increase in roadTransportenergydemand has slowed in most developed countriesSince the late 1960s. This has reflected bothimproved vehicleefficiency and a slowing down in the level of acquisition of automobiles by households. These developments have encouraged hopes that saturationlevels may operate at lowerlevels than sometimes projected. In developingcountries, Transport represents 14 per cent of total energyconsumption but the number of automobiles is approximately 20/1000 people, compared to 600/1000 people in industrialized countries. In addition to strictly technical improvements that can be made to automobiles and trucks, there is another importantarea of action which could help in the solution of the problems, namely, systemoperation. In this category, there is a variety of actions that could be performed more efficientlysuch as Transporting passengers and freight by other means, such as bus and rail, that would result in lowerenergyconsumption and therefore, loweremissions.
4 / consumption / tüketim / 1 / saturation / Doyma,doygunluk2 / industrialize / sanayileştirmek / 5 / operate / İşletmek,işlemek
1 / mainly / başlıca / 7 / project / Hedeflemek,proje
10 / grow / büyümek / 1 / approximately / Aşağı yukarı
11 / increase / artırmak / 5 / compare / karşılaştırmak
10 / demand / istemek / 1 / İn addition to / -e ilave olarak
5 / reflect / yansıtmak / 16 / area / alan
5 / improve / geliştirmek / 9 / action / Eylem,işlem
4 / vehicle / araç / 2 / solution / çözelti
5 / efficiency / Verimlilik, etkinlik / 1 / namely / Yani,şöyle ki
2 / acquisition / Elde etmek,yakalamak / 3 / operation / İşlem,operasyon
encourage / Teşvik etmek,cesaret vermek / 1 / efficiently / Verimli
9 / result / sonuç / 5 / therefore / Bu yüzden
Civilengineeringoffers a particularchallengebecausealmost every structure or system that is designed and builtby Civilengineers is unique. One structurerarely duplicates another exactly. Even when structures seem to be identical, site requirements or other factors generallyresult in modifications. Large structures like Dams, bridges, or tunnels may differsubstantially from previousstructures. The Civilengineer must, therefore, always be ready and winning to meet new challenges
2 / Civil engineering / İnşaat mühendisi / 1 / modification / değişiklik3 / offer / sunmak / 6 / differ / Farklı olmak
2 / particular / özel / 2 / substantially / Çok,yeteri kadar çok
2 / particularly / özellikle / 4 / previous / önceki
1 / unique / Tek,eşsiz / 7 / ready / hazır
1 / duplicate / çoğaltmak / 22 / win / kazanmak
2 / exactly / Tam,tamamen / 4 / requirement / gereksinim
1 / identical / özdeş / 4 / generally / genellikle
A contraption that automaticallyfits deer with a pesticide-impregnated collar is helping to tackle the menace of Lyme disease, which is usuallyspreadamong people by ticks that live on the deer. This disease is now one of the fastest spreading infectiousdiseases in the US and can be fatal. Trapping and treating every deer in a forest with pesticides isnteasy, so a machine has been designedto doit. The animals are lured to a feeding tray where they have to place their heads in a V-shapedtrough to get to the food. The machinekeeps an open pesticideimpregnated collar at the ready, drooping next to the trough where the deer will put its neck, As the animal takes the food, its neck presses down on a switch that triggers a spring-loaded arm. This propels one end ofthe opencollar Over the neck where it meets the other end. The two ends joinusingVelcro, so withinseconds of the animals arrivalcollar is complete.
1 / contraption / hüner / 1 / lure / Cazibe,çekicilik,yem1 / automatically / Otomayik olarak / 12 / press / basmak
5 / fit / uymak / 2 / switch / Anahtarlamak,anahtar
1 / tackle / Takım,cihaz / 3 / head / kafa
1 / menace / Tehtid,tehtid etmek / 3 / shaped / Şekil,şekillendirmek
5 / disease / hastalık / 2 / droop / İndirmek,sarkmak
2 / usually / genellikle / 1 / trigger / Tetiklemek,tetik
4 / spread / Yaymak / 3 / collar / Yaka,tasma,yakalamak
1 / infectious / bulaşıcı / 2 / join / Birleştirmek,katılmak
1 / fatal / öldürücü / 1 / arrival / varış
1 / Trapping / yakalama / 1 / Treating / işlem
Time travel has been a favourite science fictiontheme ever Since it was first used in H.G. Wells's trailblazing novel The Time Machine. But not everything it describes is science fiction: travelling forward in time, For example, is a proven fact. Einstein's theory of relativitypredicts that an observer moving relative to Earth can leap into Earth's future; and the effect has been confirmedusing atomic clocks. Dramatic time warpsrequirespeeds close to that of light, which is possible in principle but would take a majorfeat of engineering, not to mention a lot of money. Going back in time is far more problematic. Relativity does not rule out an observer being able to make a journey through space-time and return to their past. But all scenarios so far discussed require exotic circumstances.
1 / science fiction / Bilim kurgu / 7 / possible / mümükün1 / theme / tema / 2 / principle / prensip
1 / describe / Tanımlamak,bertilmemek / 1 / feat / başarı
1 / forward / iletmek / 1 / mention / Bahsetme,söyleme
1 / proven / ıspatlamak / 1 / problematic / şüpheli
1 / predict / Öngörmek / 1 / rule out / Çıkarmak,o
2 / observer / gözlemci / 1 / Rule / Kural,yönetmek
1 / leap / Sıçramak / 2 / return / Geri dönmek
1 / confirm / doğrulamak / 1 / scenario / senaryo
1 / require / istemek / 3 / discuss / tartışmak
Our understanding of submarine volcanic eruptions has improved subntially in the past decadeowing to the recentability to remotelydetect such events and to respond rapidly with brief surveys and sampling at the eruption site. But these data are necessarily limited to observations after the event. In contrast, the 1998 eruption of the Axial volcano on the Juan de Fuca ridge was monitored by on site sea-floor instruments. One of these instruments. which measured bottom pressure, was overrun and entrapped by the 1998 lava flow. The instrumentsurvived and was later discovered. The datarecorded by this instrumentreveal the duration, character and effusionrate of an eruption on a mid-oceanridge.
submarine / Deniz altı / 6 / instrument / Araç gereç3 / eruption / Patlama,püskürme / 9 / measure / Ölçmek,ölçü
2 / owing to / -den dolayı / 4 / pressure / basınç
4 / recent / En son / 2 / overrun / Aşırı işlem,aşırı işletmek
5 / ability / yetenek / 2 / entrap / Tuzağa düşürmek,yakalamak
1 / remotely / uzaktan / 10 / flow / akmak
1 / detect / Ortaya cıkarmak,bulmak / 9 / discover / keşfetmek
1 / respond / Cevap vermek / 3 / record / Kayıt etmek
1 / necessarily / İster istemez,muhakkak / 4 / data / veri
8 / limit / Sınırlı,sınırlandırmak / 1 / reveal / Açığa vurmak,göstermek
4 / observation / gözleme / 1 / duration / süre
1 / In contrast / zıttına / 2 / ridge / sırt
There are about forty distinct kinds of wild cats known to inhabitthe earth today. They range in size from the mighty Siberian tiger to several little spottedspeciesabout the size of the averageddomestic cat. The cats are the most efficientlandpredators left on earth. They combinepower, speed, patience, camouflage, and considerable individual skill. All swim well, most climb with greatagility, and at least for short distances, most can move with amazingswiftness. The African lion can reach a speed of almost forty miles per hour when it charges.
2 / distinct / Ayrı farklı / amazing / şaşırtıcı1 / wild / vahşi / swiftness / çabukluk
1 / inhabit / -de oturmak / 5 / efficient / verimli
1 / mighty / Güçlü,kuvvetli / 1 / combine / birleştirmek
1 / spotted / benekli / 1 / skill / beceri
3 / average / ortalama / 1 / agility / çeviklik
1 / domestic cat / Ev kedisi / 2 / distance / mesafe
The Rhine-Ruhr areabecame the greatest industrial region of Germany, because it had at its heart the great coalfield of the Ruhr. Mining is nowalmostentirely northeast and westwards across the Rhine. The regioncontains the greater part of the German iron, steel and heavy 'engineering industries. The greatintegrated iron and steelplants mostly cluster on the I Rhine waterway. Specializedsteelplants and engineering works are more widespread. With a decline in coalmining and the dismantling after World War" of certain steelplants, some of the older Ruhr towns have diversified their industries considerably: vehicles, electrical goods and clothing are now being produced.
2 / region / bökge / 10 / produce / üretmek1 / entirely / tamamen / 2 / Specialized / Uzmanlaşmış
4 / across / boyunca / 1 / widespread / yaygın
1 / integrated / Tümleşik,bütünleşmiş / 1 / decline / meyletmek,inmek,azaltmak
1 / mostly / çoğunlukla / 1 / Dismantle / sökmek
1 / diversified / Farklı değişik
ÜDS C
Post-war radar has been developed for an enormousrange of uses from police radar speed traps to the ballistic missile early warning systems. At sea it is used on ships of all sizes from the super tankers down to pleasurecraft, and in the air it guardsmilitary and Civilianaircraftagainstcollisions. It is even used to keep track of the orbital junkyard created by innumerablespacelaunches. Radar found an unexpected use in astronomy and spacenavigation. Radar signals were bounced off the moon in 1946 and reflections were obtained from Venus and the sun in the late 1950s. Subsequently, radar maps were made of the moon and Venus -- not that such long ranges are essential for radar maps to provethemselvesuseful. For example, satellite borne radar aimed at the earth has actually led to the discovery of previously unknown remnants of a Mayan canal drainagesystem in Central America.
5 / enormous / Büyük,kocaman / bounce / Geri dönmek,yansımak,sıçramak1 / early warning / Erken uyaru / 3 / obtain / Elde etmek
2 / pleasure / Zevk,sevinç,haz / Subsequently / sonradan
2 / craft / Zanaat / 2 / map / harita
1 / guard / Koruyucu,korunak / essential / Asıl,esas
6 / military / askeri / 3 / useful / yararlı
1 / Civilian / sivil / 2 / satellite / uydu
2 / collision / çarpışma / 5 / led to / -e yol amak,nende olamk
2 / created by / oluşturan / 5 / Lead to / -e yol amak,nende olamk
innumerable / sayısız / remnant / artık
2 / launch / fırlatmak / drainage / drenaj
unexpected / Beklenmedik,umulmadık
Long after the discovery of electricity, man found that he could use the greatpower of water to produce it. At first, he used natural waterfalls. Later, man began to build Dams to generate hydroelectric power. Dams are immensestructures which hold back the water of a river and form a lake behind. The water is let through under control and allowed to fall through pipes to the turbines below. The IIIshing water drives the turbines, and as they revolve, they spin electromagnets; these magnets generateelectricity.