Leingärtner et al.

Species richness and trait composition of butterfly assemblages change along an altitudinal gradient

Annette Leingärtner, Jochen Krauss, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter

Supplementary material

Appendix 1

Table S1 Information on species traits, population density and the distribution index. Wing length in mm: forewing length of male butterfly; migration categories: ranging from 1 = sedentary to 9 = migratory; egg number: number of eggs present in a female butterfly at the beginning of the egg laying period; egg deposition: single egg = eggs, which were singly laid, clutch = eggs laid as egg packages; egg maturation time: time in days to first oviposition after emergence; generations: number of generations per year; population density: number of individuals per hectare; distribution index: the range of a butterfly species in relation to the total area of Europe calculated in percentage

butterfly species / wing
length / migration
categories / egg
number / egg deposition / egg
maturation
time / generations / population
density / distribution
index
Aglais io / 28 / 6 / 445.5 / clutch / 7.5 / 1.5 / 2.01 / 65.75
Aglais urticae / 23 / 6 / 307 / clutch / 7.5 / 1.5 / 2.03 / 74.73
Anthocharis cardamines / 21.5 / 4 / 33.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 8.5 / 72.15
Aphantopus hyperantus / 22 / 3 / 101 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 138 / 56.24
Aporia crataegi / 31 / 5 / 212 / clutch / 3.5 / 1 / 1 / 52.31
Araschnia levana / 17.5 / 5 / 146.5 / clutch / 3.5 / 2.5 / 4 / 33.98
Argynnis adippe / 28 / 4 / 48.5 / single egg / 10.5 / 1 / 4 / 50.11
Argynnis aglaja / 26.5 / 3 / 101 / single egg / 7.5 / 1 / 4 / 62.69
Argynnis niobe f. eris / 26.5 / 3 / 146.5 / single egg / 7.5 / 1 / 4 / 37.90
Argynnis paphia / 31 / 4 / 48.5 / single egg / 15.5 / 1 / 2.125 / 57.26
Aricia artaxerxes / 11.5 / 4 / 179 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 162 / 31.24
Boloria euphrosyne / 21 / 3 / 70 / single egg / 5.5 / 1.5 / 4 / 57.26
Boloria pales / 18 / 3* / 70* / single egg / 3.5* / 1 / 100* / 4.73
Boloria thore / 21.5 / 2* / 70* / single egg / 3.5* / 1 / 5* / 4.14
Boloria titania / 22 / 2* / 70* / single egg / 3.5* / 1 / 30* / 6.83
Callophrys rubi / 14 / 4 / 70 / single egg / 5.5 / 1 / 34 / 71.74
Carterocephalus palaemon / 14 / 3 / 33.5 / single egg / 5.5 / 1 / 16 / 33.39
Coenonympha arcania / 18.5 / 3 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 64 / 41.56
Coenonympha gardetta / 15.5 / 1* / 48.5* / single egg / 3.5* / 1 / 100* / 2.53
Coenonympha pamphilus / 15 / 3 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 2 / 34 / 74.41
Colias alfacariensis/hyale / 23.5 / 4.5 / 101 / single egg / 9.5 / 2.5 / 130.5 / 32.42
Colias crocea / 25 / 8 / 146.5 / single egg / 10.5 / 3.5 / 130.03 / 58.55
Cupido minimus / 11 / 2 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1.5 / 34 / 47.52
Erebia aethiops / 24 / 3 / 48.5 / single egg / 5.5 / 1 / 16 / 17.37
Erebia epiphron / 18 / 2 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 34 / 6.83
Erebia eriphyle / 17 / 2* / 80* / single egg / 1.5* / 1 / 50* / 1.4
Erebia euryale / 22 / 2* / 80* / single egg / 1.5* / 1 / 250* / 9.46
Erebia gorge / 18.5 / 2* / 80* / single egg / 1.5* / 1 / 30* / 4.19
Erebia ligea / 25.5 / 4 / 33.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 16 / 31.56
Erebia manto / 20.5 / 2* / 80* / single egg / 1.5* / 1 / 20* / 4.25
Erebia oeme / 21 / 2* / 80* / single egg / 1.5* / 1 / 50* / 5
Erebia pandrose / 22.5 / 2* / 80* / single egg / 1.5* / 1 / 20* / 11.34
Erebia pharte / 18 / 2* / 80* / single egg / 1.5* / 1 / 10* / 2.69
Erebia pronoe / 23 / 2 / 80* / single egg / 1.5* / 1 / 50* / 4.35
Erynnis tages / 13.5 / 3 / 33.5 / single egg / 5.5 / 1.5 / 16 / 51.08
Gonepteryx rhamni / 28 / 6 / 101 / single egg / 270 / 1 / 8.03 / 65.43
Hamearis lucina / 15.5 / 2 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 16 / 29.62
Hesperia comma / 14.5 / 3 / 33.5 / single egg / 5.5 / 1 / 16 / 45.81
Lasiommata maera / 26.5 / 3 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1.5 / 8.5 / 53.44
Lasiommata petropolitana / 20 / 3 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 4 / 19.95
Leptidea sinapis/reali / 21.5 / 4 / 33.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1.5 / 16 / 63.82
Lycaena hippothoe / 16.5 / 3 / 70 / single egg / 3.5 / 1 / 16 / 41.13
Lycaena tityrus / 15 / 3 / 70 / single egg / 5.5 / 2 / 64 / 36.61
Maniola jurtina / 23.5 / 4 / 146.5 / single egg / 10.5 / 1 / 508 / 68.28
Melitaea athalia / 19 / 3 / 146.5 / clutch / 7.5 / 1 / 132 / 56.29
Melitaea diamina / 20 / 1 / 212 / clutch / 5.5 / 1 / 132 / 27.69
Nymphalis antiopa / 32 / 6 / 307 / clutch / 270 / 1 / 0.51 / 52.31
Nymphalis c-album / 23 / 6 / 48.5 / single egg / 7.5 / 1.5 / 0.53 / 64.46
Ochlodes sylvanus / 15.5 / 4 / 48.5 / single egg / 7.5 / 1 / 16 / 59.14
Papilio machaon / 35 / 5 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 2 / 0.25 / 67.74
Pararge aegeria / 20.5 / 4 / 33.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 1.5 / 16 / 64.73
Phengaris arion / 18 / 3 / 212 / single egg / 1.5 / 1 / 16 / 30.91
Pieris brassicae / 30.5 / 7 / 101 / clutch / 7.5 / 2.5 / 32.125 / 75.97
Pieris bryoniae / 20 / 5* / 48.5* / single egg / 2.5* / 1 / 100* / 5.11
Pieris napi / 20 / 5 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 2.5 / 34 / 80.43
Pieris rapae / 25 / 6 / 48.5 / single egg / 3.5 / 3.5 / 130.5 / 74.75
Polyommatus bellargus / 15.5 / 3 / 146.5 / single egg / 7.5 / 2 / 132 / 36.34
Polyommatus coridon / 16.5 / 4 / 70 / single egg / 10.5 / 1 / 508 / 33.49
Polyommatus icarus / 16 / 4 / 101 / single egg / 7.5 / 2 / 132 / 80.48
Polyommatus semiargus / 15.5 / 4 / 101 / single egg / 5.5 / 2 / 64 / 54.73
Pyrgus alveus / 15 / 4 / 48.5 / single egg / 10.5 / 1 / 1 / 30.59
Pyrgus andromedae / 14 / 3* / 33.5* / single egg* / 7.5* / 1 / 4* / 4.46
Pyrgus malvae / 12 / 3 / 33.5 / single egg / 5.5 / 1 / 16 / 54.68
Thymelicus lineola / 13 / 4 / 48.5 / clutch / 5.5 / 1 / 508 / 54.19
Thymelicus sylvestris / 14 / 3 / 70 / clutch / 5.5 / 1 / 508 / 47.2
Vanessa atalanta / 29.5 / 9 / 101 / single egg / 7.5 / 3.5 / 0.51 / 76.72
Vanessa cardui / 28 / 8 / 101 / single egg / 7.5 / 3.5 / 0.135 / 80
references / Higgins and
Riley 1971 / Settele et
al. 1999 / Settele et
al. 1999,
Sonderegger
2005 / Schweizerischer
Bund für
Naturschutz 1994, Sonderegger 2005, Weidemann1995 / Settele et
al. 1999,
Sonderegger
2005 / Settele et
al. 1999,
Stettmer et
al. 2007 / Settele et
al. 1999 / Kudrna et al. 2011

* data based on external expert opinion or estimated from closely related species

References

Higgins LG, Riley ND (1971) Die Tagfalter Europas und Nordwestafrikas. Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin

Kudrna O, Harpke A, Lux K, Pennerstorfer J, Schweiger O, Settele J, Wiemers M (2011) Distribution atlas of butterflies in Europe. Gesellschaft für

Schmetterlingsschutz, Halle, Germany

Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz (1994) Tagfalter und ihre Lebensräume. Arten - Gefährdung - Schutz. Fotorotar AG, Basel

Settele J, Feldmann R, Reinhardt R (1999) Die Tagfalter Deutschlands. Ulmer, Stuttgart

Sonderegger P (2005) Die Erebien der Schweiz (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae, Genus Erebia). Peter Sonderegger, Brügg bei Biel

Stettmer C, Bräu M, Gros P, Wanninger O (2007) Die Tagfalter Bayerns und Österreichs. Bayerische Akademie für Naturschutz und

Landschaftspflege, Laufen/Salzach (Germany)

Weidemann HJ (1995) Tagfalter: beobachten, bestimmen. Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg (Germany)

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Leingärtner et al.

Figure S1

Butterfly phylogeny based on the published taxonomy provided by Segerer et al. (2011)

Segerer A, Hausmann A, Behounek G, et al. (2011) Die Großschmetterlinge Deutschlands. The Macrolepidoptera of Germany. Goecke & Evers, Keltern

Figure S2

The phylogenetic relatedness of butterfly species within sites (NRI) along the altitudinal gradient. r2 = 0.10, P = 0.07

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