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MODERN WORLD HISTORY: Chapter 7 – French Revolution & Napoleon
* Bold print denotes a term not in the text.
7-1 / 7-2 / 7-3 / 7-4 / 7-5Old Regime / Moderates / Napoleon Bonaparte / Josephine de Beauharnais / Congress of Vienna
Estates / Conservatives / Horatio Nelson / Marie Louise / Klemens von Metternich
First Estate / Émigrés / Coup d'etat / Napoleon II / Balance of Power
Second Estate / Sans- Culottes / Plebiscite / Blockade / Legitimacy
Third Estate / Tuileries / Lycees / Continental System / Holy Alliance
Bourgeoisie / Jacobins / Concordat / Guerrillas / Concert of Europe
Workers / Jean-Paul Marat / Concordat of 1801 / Peninsular War / Creoles
Peasants / Guillotine / Napoleonic Code / Alexander I / Peninsulares
Tithe / Joseph Ignace Guillotin / Notre Dame Cathedral / Scorched-Earth Policy / Liberalism
Louis XVI / Georges Danton / Santo Dominque / Francisco Goya / Reactionaries
Marie Antoinette / Battle of Valmy / Toussaint L' Ouverture / Battle of Borodino
Estates General / Maximilien Robespierre / Louisiana Territory / Battle of Leipzig
Emmanuel- Joseph Sieyes / Republic of Virtue / Louisiana Purchase / Exile
National Assembly / Committee of Public Safety / Battle of Austerlitz / Elba
Tennis Court Oath / Reign of Terror / Battle of Trafalgar / Louis XVIII
Mercenary Army / "Enemies of the Revolution" / Duke of Wellington
Bastille / Directory / Waterloo
Bastille Day / Declaration of the Rights of Man and The Citizen / Hundred Days
Great Fear / "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" / St. Helena
Olympe de Gouges / Marseillaise
Limited Monarchy
Legislative Assembly
Charlotte Corday
Radicals
Right
Centrist
Left
Girondists
7-1: The French Revolution Begins
1. ______: Peasants, artisans and the middle class, making up about 97% of the population, and paid most of the taxes.
2. ______: a church tax, normally about one tenth of a family’s income.
3. ______: The Roman Catholic clergy, making up about one percent of the population, owned 10 percent of the land in France. It provided education and relief services to the poor and contributed about 2 percent of its income to the government.
4. ______: Wife of Louis XVI. She was one of the sixteen children of Maria Theresa, the queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and Francis I, the emperor of Austria. She spent so much money on gowns, jewels, gambling, and gifts that she became known as “Madame Deficit.”
5. ______: a group of soldiers who will work for any country or employer that will pay them.
6. ______: the middle class—were bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans. Often, they were well educated and believed strongly in the Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality.
7. ______: leading spokesperson for the Third Estate’s viewpoint. He was a clergyman sympathetic to their cause.
8. ______: a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789.
9. ______: the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution.
10. ______: a pledge made by the members of France’s National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution.
11. ______: formed the largest group within the Third Estate, more than 80 percent of France’s 26 million people. They paid about half their income in dues to nobles, tithes to the Church, and taxes to the king’s agents.
12. ______: The Paris prison, which symbolized the injustices of the monarchy, which was stormed by huge mob on July 14, 1789, thus starting the French Revolution.
13. ______: The nobility, making up about two percent of the population and owning 20% of the French lands.
14. ______: an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
15. ______: King before and during the French Revolution (well, until he met with the guillotine). He called the Estates General into meeting to try to tax the nobles to raise revenue. His reign was from 1774 to 1792. Despite these shortcomings, he was well intentioned and sincerely wanted to improve the lives of the common people. However, he lacked the ability to make decisions and the determination to see policies through.
16. ______: one of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution.
17. ______: a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.
18. ______: formed the second, and poorest, group within the Third Estate. These urban recruits included trades people, apprentices, laborers, and domestic servants. They were paid low wages and frequently out of work.
19. ______: a French national holiday, similar to the Fourth of July in the United States.
7-2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
1. ______: upheld the idea of a limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government.
2. ______: Loyal Girondist supporter who killed Jean-Paul Marat and was sent to the guillotine for the crime.
3. ______: type of government that strips the king of much of his authority, and places that authority in a law-making body.
4. ______: French lawyer, radical but pragmatic leader of the French Revolution, whose willingness to compromise was rejected by rival factions. When the French Revolution began in 1789, he entered local politics with enthusiasm leading the Cordelier Club, a spearhead of Parisian radicalism. His speeches were often violent, but his actions were usually cautious. He also was known for his devotion to the rights of Paris’s poor people.
5. ______: People with moderate views in today’s government.
6. ______: the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed.
7. ______: Members of the National Assembly, the supporters of the sans-culottes and extreme radicals who saw themselves as the defender of the revolution and as the voice of the people.
8. ______: the slogan of the French Revolution.
9. ______: wanted some changes in government, but not as many as the radicals.
10. ______: most were radicals who challenged his leadership. In 1793 and 1794, many of those who had led the Revolution received death sentences. Their only crime was that they were considered less radical than Robespierre.
11. ______: opposed the idea of a monarchy and wanted sweeping changes in the way the government was run.
12. ______: People who want few or no changes in today’s government.
13. ______: radical French revolutionary journalist and politician. He published books on such subjects as political theory, legal reform, physiology, and aspects of physics. In September 1789 he began a newspaper, L'Ami du Peuple (The Friend of the People), which soon became France's most influential radical journal. In shrill language he attacked political moderates as traitors and called for popular violence against them.
14. ______: people, who leave their native country for political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution.
15. ______: published a declaration of the rights of women, and her ideas were rejected. Later, in 1793, she was declared an enemy of the Revolution and executed.
16. ______: a machine for beheading people, used as the means of execution during the French Revolution.
17. ______: a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the Constitution of 1791.
18. ______: the palace where the royal family was staying prior to their imprisonment.
19. ______: a statement of revolutionary ideals, adopted by the National Assembly in 1789. Reflecting the influence of the Declaration of Independence, this document stated that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” These rights included “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.” This document also guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.
20. ______: People who want to radically change government in today’s government.
21. ______: the site of French victory, less than 100 miles from Paris, which boosted the spirits of the revolutionaries.
22. ______: French lawyer and political leader (Jacobins), who became one of the most influential figures of the French Revolution, and the principal exponent of the Reign of Terror.
23. ______: in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages.
24. ______: proposed a machine that satisfied many needs––it was efficient, humane, and democratic. A physician and member of the National Assembly, he claimed that those executed with the device “wouldn’t even feel the slightest pain.”
25. ______: Five-man committee made up of moderates not radicals, set up by the Constitution of 1795 that ruled a two-house legislature. It used its power to up down uprisings of the sans-culottes and royalists.
26. Republic of Virtue: Jacobin ideal of a democratic republic made up of honest and good citizens.
27. Committee of Public Safety: Powerful group set up by the National Assembly to direct the war effort. They turned the conflict into what has been called the world’s first “people’s war.”
28. Girondists: Members of the National Assembly who were more moderate in their views. They felt that the revolution had gone far enough and wanted to protect the wealthy middle class from radical attacks.
7-3: Napoleon Forges an Empire
1. ______: Young and able French military general who joined leaders in the coup d’etat against the Directory in 1799. He later declared himself Emperor of the French in 1804.
2. ______: Haitian military and political leader who led a successful slave insurrection (1791–1793) and helped the French expel the British from Haiti (1798). In 1801 he invaded Spanish Santo Domingo and freed the slaves there. He briefly maintained control over the entire island, establishing the first Black-led government in the Americas, before being arrested by Bonapartist agents (1802) and deported to France.
3. ______: a formal agreement— especially one between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of Church affairs.
4. ______: a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon.
5. ______: defeated Napoleon’s naval forces in Egypt.
6. ______: government-run public schools in France.
7. ______: Site where British admiral Lord Nelson soundly defeated the French navy, finally removing the possibility of a French invasion of Great Britain.
8. ______: a sudden seizure of political power in a nation.
9. ______: rich sugar-producing colony, now called Haiti, on the island of Hispaniola.
10. ______: place in Paris Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804.
11. ______: a direct vote in which a country’s people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal.
12. Concordat of 1801: agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII which stated: Catholicism would be the state religion, but there would be religious toleration for all; the emperor would retain the right to name all bishops, who had to swear allegiance to the state; the pope agreed to accept the loss of church lands; and the state would pay salaries to the Catholic clergy.
13. Louisiana Territory: was an immense country, about 820,000 square miles, reaching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains owned by France.
14. Louisiana Purchase: was one of the largest, if not the largest, land transactions in history. The 529,911,681 acres were sold for about 3 cents an acre. The land included in the Purchase comprises 22.3 percent of the territory of the modern United States. President Jefferson's purchase doubled the size of the United States and included the entire Mississippi River, city of New Orleans and St. Louis.
15. Battle of Austerlitz: a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian and Austrian armies of Czar Alexander I and Emperor Francis II. Despite difficult fighting in many sectors, the battle is often regarded as a tactical masterpiece.
7-4: Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
1. ______: the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region.
2. ______: where, after several hours of indecisive fighting, the Russians fell back, allowing Napoleon to move on Moscow. When Napoleon entered Moscow seven days later, the city was in flames. Napoleon’s troops suffered 30,000 casualties.
3. ______: a remote island in the South Atlantic. There Napoleon lived in lonely exile for six years, writing his memoirs.
4. ______: Empress of the French (1804–1809) as the first wife of Napoleon I.
5. ______: a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon’s French troops out of Spain.
6. ______: the brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French king and again becoming emperor of France.
7. ______: Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain’s economy.
8. ______: British commander who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.
9. ______: island off the coast of Italy where Napoleon was exiled in 1814.
10. ______: the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land.
11. ______: the grandniece of Marie Antoinette who was married to Napoleon I in an effort to create an alliance with the Austrian royal family. In 1811, she gave birth to a son, Napoleon II.
12. ______: where Napoleon faced the allied armies of the European powers in October 1813. The allied forces easily defeated his inexperienced army and French resistance crumbled quickly.
13. ______: a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country.
14. ______: the site of the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815.
15. ______: to be banished from a country.
16. ______: son of Napoleon and Marie Louise whom Napoleon named king of Rome.
17. ______: French king who was restored to the throne upon the exile of Napoleon in 1814.