September 12 & 15 Getting Ready for Chapter 2 & Periods 1 & 2

September 12 & 15—Getting ready for Chapter 2 & Periods 1 & 2

P.S, or For your Eyes Only! This is a lesson, focus that I should have had you do BEFORE we started Chapter2—I am so sorry; I am overwhelmed by your awesomeness and so excited (sincerely) to be with you, freshmen, that sometimes I just get going in the minute with the smart, smack on questions and comments that you have, that yes—I forget. I apologize

Looking now toward the Eastern Seaboard of the North American Continent—taking our focus temporarily away from the Spanish & Portuguese colonies/conquered areas—time lines overlap. We got to be smart and realize this:

Period 1: 1491-1607 (Continued & into to Period 2)

Period 2: 1607-1754

Why the same standards in Period 1? What is the shift in focus now? Find it on the map—and if you can, trace, or find the origins of this new focus that influences North America in a big way—to today—right now as we speak—we are speaking ______? So that 1607 tragic beginning had a lasting effect. Let’s learn.

Getting ready for Period 2, 1607-1754, and getting reading for Chapter 2, “The Planting of the British Colonies, 1500-1733”

Period 1: 1491-1607

On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.

Standard 1.1 In the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard, some societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages.

Examples:IroquoisAlgonquian (you may have different ones. OK!)

Standard 1.2 European explorations into the Western Hemisphere caused intense social/religious, political, and economic competition in Europe and the promotion of empire building.

European exploration and conquest was fueled by a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity.

New crops from the Americas stimulated European population growth, while new sources of mineral wealth facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.

Examples: CornPotatoes Anything else?

Improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.

Examples:Sextant Joint-stock companies

Standard 1.3: Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.

European overseas expansion and sustained contacts with Africans and American Indians dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships among and between white and nonwhite peoples.

Many Europeans developed a belief in white superiority to justify their subjugation of Africans and American Indians, using several different rationales.

Native peoples and Africans in the Americas strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy in the face of European challenges to their independence and core beliefs.

European attempts to change American Indian beliefs and worldviews on basic social issues such as religion, gender roles and the family, and the relationship of people with the natural environment led to American Indian resistance and conquest

In spite of slavery, Africans’ cultural and linguistic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy
Examples: Maroon communities in Brazil and the Caribbean, Mixing of Christianity and traditional African religion

Syncretism
Vodun

Chapter 2, American Pageant, “Planting of the British Colonies.”

Before you do anything—read and know your Period/Content Standards! Take notes according to them—not the chapter.

APUSH Period 2: 1607-1754

Standard 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led to Europeans to develop diverse patters of colonization.

??? Discuss all of this! What do these separate words really mean—like colonization?

Fun but difficult part—you read, talk about and try to understand the Content Standards—and then—you try to apply them to the content of the chapter! Difficult stuff? Yep. YOU can do it.

Chapter 2,“Planting of English America, 1500-1733,” American Pageant, 25-42

England’s Imperial Stirrings– as we learn—we need to ask ourselves on all of our Period Standards, “Why the dates? Why does Period 2 start at 1607?”

Paragraph #1—page 25—just review of Chapter 1. Talks about the Spanish influence . . . then shifts to North America
#2—“feeble” comparison between England & Spain—overseas empire
Protestantism in England—know it—King Henry XIII made England a Protestant nation instead of Catholic—big deal—Anglican Church established—Anglican? Take a guess at it.
Irish resisted? Irish Catholic? England “crushed the Irish uprising with unspeakable atrocities upon native Irish peoples.”
England “planted” Protestant lords and confiscated lands from Irish Catholics and the Church—especially monasteries.

Crucial last sentence on page 26—right before Elizabeth Energizes England. Most important item that goes with Content Standard 2.1. I A & B and 2.2. II B—as well as most of the Period Standards of Period 1. Read that sentence together!

In the 1500s,Notice the date? Do we really need to pay a lot of attention to this? NO! Trust K. Hall & Z. Crossen . . . Britain had made only feeble efforts to colonize America. There was a rash of problems hinging on a mix of religion and politics…

Elizabeth Energizes England
Francis Drake, Sir Humphrey Gilbert & Sir Walter Raleigh DON’T REALLY MATTER IN THE LONG RUN!
Raleigh-- Roanoke Island Colony—The Lost Colony—“History’s Mysteries . . .”

Spain “England’s Foe”—why? Used their new world wealth for—wait for it—remember? To build a navy! But it doesn’t work—1588 Spanish Armada attacked England—lost big time= A Big Turning Point … for US future history—how so? Well with Spain defeated,
Britain was not afraid to cross Atlantic—establish colonies—play with the big boys—get some of the loot, piece of the pie, booty, treasure, bounty—whatever you call it . . .

England’s victory= “Golden Years” & started them on their naval world dominance for 300 years. Empire, big time.
Strong government/popular monarch. What’s that mean and who is it?

Unity—National pride and purpose.
Golden age of literature—And others . . . Shakespeare. Elizabethan Literature You will read Willy this year--- remember the background of this time—makes sense when you read R & Juliet.

Britain and Spain peace treaty 1604=? You figure it out

England on the Eve of the Empire 2B—I WAS WRONG, THE “SCEPTR’DISLE” IN THIS SENSE IS ENGLAND- NOT IRELAND—SO SORRY! Any guess out there for meaning?

1500s-1600s population boom. Why?

By the way, if we were to label the above years as ______century and ______century, what would we say?

Landlords “enclosed” land—less or NO land for poor.
Please read quote on page 27, penultimate paragraph, “forcing many small farmers into ‘precarious tenancy’ or off the land altogether.” What does that mean? Explain by making a small flow chart that shows the connections from the New World—to tenancy and the ‘poor house.’
“Oh NO!” We have a surplus population! What do we do? Oh Holy Cow! They are poor and may want to take our places! Help us! We are but humble English Gentry—blah blah”
Poor could use a plan . . .
Some manufacturers, like the ‘woolen districts’ had an economic downturn. Workers lots jobs and also wanted a solution.
Primogeniture— firstborn son inherits ALL of the father’s land.

Add a, b, c, & d together above, with all that you learned about the New World and it equals? ______(Share what you think with your table mates)

1600s,joint-stock company got better.
What the heck is this? We are student centered and students show caring for one another. We cannot move on until EVERYBODY at your table knows this concept. No exception! If I ask this on a quiz and Kelly B. doesn’t answer correctly—I will take points out of her tablemates’ scores! Get it? Help out!

What were the benefits?
What were the drawbacks of the earlier stock-joint ventures? (Think early Jamestown . . .)
Today’s business

1606, King James I –Virginia Companytocharter to establish a colony in America.
Joint-stock company—quick profits; short term. The goal to turn a quick profit to investors who’d sell out after a year or two.
Charter guaranteed colonists (those coming to make $$ for the company) same rights as Englishmen. Ironically, later this guaranteehelps “fan the flames” of independence movement.

May of 1607—100 or so Englishmen try their luck at Jamestown, Virginia.—not so much a place Virginia—but a name for the “Virgin Queen.” Natives had their own names for places in the New World—some stuck, some didn’t. Michigan?
Troubles for the colony came early and often…
Forty would-be settlers died on the boat ride over.
Problems then emerged including (a) the swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever, (b) “gentlemen” wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops), and (c) there were zero women on the initial ship.
A supply ship bound for Jamestown in 1609 wrecked in the Bahamas.
Their fortune began to change in 1608 when Captain John Smith took control and instituted a strong measure of much-needed discipline.
According to legend, Smith was once kidnapped by local Chief Powhatan and then his life spared at the last moment thanks to his daughter Pocahontas.
This act may well have been staged, but was intended by Powhatan to show good intentions between Indian and the whites.
John Smith’s main contribution was that he gave order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy.
Still, the Jamestown settlers died in droves, and resorted to eating “dogges, Catts, rats, and Myce.” One fellow wrote of eating “powdered wife.”
Understandably, this was known as the “starving time” in Virginia.
The colonists’ next stroke of good fortune came when Lord De La Warr intercepted a ship of settlers who were abandoning the colony. He forced them to return, brought more discipline, and brought much-needed supplies.
By 1625, only 1,200 out of nearly 8,000 settlers had survived.

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake
The whites and Powhatan held a Jekyll and Hyde relationship—they waffled between good relations and bad relations. They raided one another, traded with one another, and fought one another.
The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614. It was sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe.
Together, Pocahontas and Rolfe would develop a sweet tobacco. This would become the cash crop that would save Jamestown.
In 1622, the Indians struck again, killing 347 whites, included Rolfe ironically.
The Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646) saw the Indians defeated soundly. The results were…
The Indians were effectively banished from the Chesapeake.
The notion was born that Indians and whites cannot live together peaceably—the beginnings of the reservations system were brewing.
The Indians fell due to the “three D’s”: disease (smallpox was the worst), disorganization (since they were not united, the whites could fight one tribe at a time), and disposability (since the whites had no use for Indians, they were simply pushed out).
The Indians’ New World
The Europeans’ arrival in the New World shocked Native American and induced unprecedented changes.
Horses altered Indian lifestyles, especially the Sioux who used the horse expertly on buffalo hunts.
Disease was by far the greatest change.
Indian blood, since they’d never been exposed to such bacteria, lacked any natural resistance to the white’s diseases.
Tribes were devastated. The Catawba of piedmont Carolina, for example, was formed out of remnants of several other tribes.
Native Americans wanted firearms, eventually got them, and thus heightened tensions with other tribes and with whites.
Indians tried to engage in the trans-Atlantic economy, but had little to no success.
Indians along the Atlantic coast were effectively pushed out by war and disease. Those further inland, traded space for time.
Virginia: Child of Tobacco
Jamestown’s salvation was found in the form of tobacco.
John Rolfe’s sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe. Jamestown had finally found its gold.
Tobacco also had negative effects…
Its success caused settlers to scramble for more land to cultivate. It also encouraged “land butchery”—farmers would cultivate the land ‘til it gave out, and then just move on.
It boosted the plantation economy and created a demand for cheap labor. At first this labor was filled mostly by white indentured servants, and then as the 1600s turned into the 1700s, by black slaves.
It built Virginia’s economy on a single item, tobacco. Their economy was thus susceptible to the whims of having “all their eggs in one basket.”
Three major things happened in 1619…
Representative self-government came to America when Virginians created the House of Burgesses, a basic legislature to work out local issues. This set America on a pathway self-rule.
The first blacks were brought to America. It’s unclear if they were slaves or indentured servants at this time.
A shipload of women arrived. They were young and came with the sole purpose of marrying. This brought Virginia stability and a sense of permanence.
Maryland: Catholic Haven
Religious freedom was the initial motivation for Maryland.
Lord Baltimore founded Maryland in 1634.
Maryland was founded as a haven (safe place) for Catholics to avoid persecution from Protestants in Europe or in America.
Growth…
Lord Baltimore awarded huge estates to his wealthy, Catholic personal friends.
Others that settled were poor and usually Protestant. Tension ensued.
However, the sale of tobacco still caused Maryland to flourish.
Indentured servants bore most of the workload.
Black slaves began to replace white indentures as the 1600s turned into the 1700s. Notably, this trend was common in the South and especially in the Chesapeake.
The reasons for the switch from white-to-black…
The main reason boils down to the desire for a stable work force by plantation whites.
White indentures lusted for, and eventually got, land of their own to the west.
Black slaves were permanent workers, not seven-year workers.
Due to Protestant—Catholic friction, Maryland passed the Act of Toleration, guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, Protestant or Catholic.
Still, the death penalty was deemed for anyone denying the divinity of Jesus, namely Jews and atheists.
In sum, despite the fact above and Protestant—Catholic issues, Maryland was more religiously tolerant than intolerant.
The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
The West Indies (Caribbean Islands) had early on been colonized by Spain, Portugal. France and England followed
Now with the decline of Spain and Portugal, the British sought to beef up their foothold in the islands.
England had several islands their, especially Jamaica by 1655.
Sugar was grown on the Caribbean plantations.
This was exactly what the Spanish and Portuguese had done.
These sugar plantations were brutal…
Sugar is a labor-intensive crop.
It was very hot and humid and unhealthy work.
The usual thing was to work a slave until death, then get another one.
The initial plan was to use Indian labor. That plan failed when disease killed an estimated 90% of Indians. Slavery then turned to Africans.
Since so many slaves were needed and brought in, the white—black ratio tilted more toward blacks than anywhere in the New World. This frightened the whites!
Due to fear, whites instituted strict “slave codes” or rules designed to keep slaves in control. Notable was the Barbados slave code of 1661, which saw its ideas channel up to South Carolina.
Also, punishment could be as cruel as anywhere on these plantations to keep order.
Typically, Africans were first brought to the West Indies to “be seasoned.” This meant that any ideas of revolt from possible “trouble-makers” were beaten out of them.
From there, slaves either stayed in the West Indies or were distributed to South or North America.
Colonizing the Carolinas
England in the 1600s was a political rollercoaster ride.
King Charles I was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell ruled as a religious dictator for 10 years, then Charles II was placed on the throne in “The Restoration”—the kingdom was restored to England.
Simply put, after all the turmoil of a Civil War to oust a king, the Brits ironically just went back to a king.
Much of the chaos interrupted colonization, but with the restoration and stability again, Charles II was determined to return to the colonies with vigor.
Carolina was formally begun in 1670 and named after Charles II.
Carolina began to prosper due to ties to the West Indies, mainly due to the great natural harbor at Charleston.
The Barbados slave codes (strict rules to regulate slaves) were imported to Carolina.
The slave trade prospered as well.
Africans were shipped in from the West Indies.
Despite protests, Indians were shipped out to the West Indies and also to Rhode Island.