CHAPTER 13 Respiratory system TEST STUDY/REVIEW SHEET
Anatomy Physiology
Levels of Organization
Atom Compound/Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Organ Systems
(be able to list the main organs and describe the function of the system)
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Respiratory Nervous Endocrine Lymphatic/Immue Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Processes of Life:
Digestion Metabolism Excretion Movement Growth Responsiveness Maintenance of Boundaries Reproduction
Homeostasis:
Receptor Integration Center Effector Sensory Motor Positive Negative
Anatomical Terminology
Cavities:
Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominal Abdominopelvic Pelvic
Regions:
Cranium Cervical Thoracic Sternal Scaular Gluteal Brachial Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Antebrachial Cubital Carpal Metacarpal Phalanges Abdominal Umbilicus Inguinal Femoral Patellar Popliteal Lumbar Deltoid Sural
Directions:
Anterior Posterior Lateral Medial Superficial Deep
Planes:
Sagittal Mid-Sagittal/Median Frontal/Coronal Transverse
Chemistry:
Elements: CHNOPS
Chemical bonds
Ionic Covalent
Organic Compounds
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides Fatty Acid Amino Acid Nucleotides
Disaccharides Glycerol Peptide DNA/RNA
Polysaccharides
Inorganic Compounds
Water
Enzymes
Tissues
Define tissue:
Types of tissue and their functions
Epithelial
Simple Stratified
Cuboidal Squamous Columnar
Pseudostratified Transitional
Connective
Dense
Cartilage Tendons Ligaments
Fibro
Elastic
Hyaline
Dense
Loose
Adipose Areolar Reticular
Musuclar
Cardiac Smooth Skeletal
Nervous
Integumentary system/membranes
Membranes
Mucous Serous Synovial Cutaneous
Visceral
Parietal
Integumentary system
Hair (and specialized hair) Skin Nails Glands
Functions of skin
Temperature regulation
Nervous system
Physical boundary/immune system
Excretion
Layers
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis (not skin)
Stratum Basale Papillary
Stratum Spinosum Reticular
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidium
Stratum Corneum
Dermal Papille (fingerprints)
Pigments
Melanin Keratin
Meisner’s corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles
Glands
Sebaceuous Apocrine Eccrine
Skeletal System:
Functions of the skeletal system
4 Types of bones (and examples)
1. 2.
3. 4.
Structure of compact bone
Haversian Canal
Lacune
Canaliculi
Structure of long bones
Epiphysis Epiphyseal plates spongy bone
Diaphysis compact bone medulla
Articular cartilage Periosteum endosteum
Types of bone cells
Ossification
Endocondral Intramembranous
Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton
Foramen
Condyle
Process
Tuberosity
The Skull:
Bones of the cranium
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal
Styloid Process
Mastoid Process
Bones of the face
Mandible Vomer Maxillae Zygomatic
Lacrimal Nasal Palatine Hyoid
Magnum foramen
External Auditory Meatus
Auditory Ossicles
Malleus Incus Stapes
Sutures:
Coronal Lamboidal Sagittal
Vertebral Column
Functions
Regions
Vertebral structures:
Body
Lamina
Pedicle
Transverse process
Spinous process
Vertebral foramen
Superior/Inferior articulating facets
Cervical Vertebrae
Atypical: C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
Typical C3 – C7
Transverse foramen
Thoracic
Demi/costal facets
Lumbar
Sacral
Sacral foramina
Coccyx
Thorax
Costal bones (ribs)
Sternum Manubrium Xiphiod process
The Shoulder Girdle:
Clavicle
Scapula
Glenoid fossa
Acromion
Bones of the Arm:
Humerus (Glenohumeral Joint)
Head
Deltoid tuberosity
Radius
Head
Radial Tuberosity
Ulna
Olecranon Process
Semilunar/Torchlear notch
Radial notch
Bones of the wrist and hand:
Carpals
S
L
T
P
T
T
C
H
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Proximal Middle Distal
The Pelvic Girdle:
Ilium
Iliac Crest
Ischium
Pubis
Pubic Symphysis
Acetabulum
Obturator Foramen
Bones of the Leg and foot
Leg
Femur
Head
Patella
Tibia
Tibial Tuberosity Tibial Plateau
Medial Malleolus
Fibula
Head Lateral Malleolus
Ankle and Foot
Tarsals
Calcaneous Talus Navicular
Cuboid 3 Cuneiform (medial, intermedial, and lateral)
Metatarsals
Phalanges
First Second Third
Muscular system:
Types of Muscle tissue:
Cardiac Skeletal Smooth
Skeletal Muscle Structure:
Epimysium
Perimysium
Fascicle
Endomysium
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Myofibrils
Actin Myosin
Sliding Filament Mechanism
Neuromuscular junction Motor Unit Acetylcholine
Depolarization/Repolarization
Trophonin Calcium
Agonist Synergist Antagonist Fixators
Types of Muscle Contractions
Isometric Concentric Eccentric
Levers
1st class 2nd class 3rd class
Terminology:
Origin Insertion Action
Muscles for which you will be responsible:
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Rectus Abdominus
Internal Abdominal Obliques
External Abdominal Obliques
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Deltoid
Biceps Brachii
Triceps Brachii
Wrist flexors
Wrist Extensors
Iliopsoas
Iliacus
Psoas
Erector spinae
Quadriceps
Vastus lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Rectus Femoris
Gluteal Group
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Hamstrings
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Peroneus Longus and Brevis
Anterior Tibialis
Blood:
Formed elements
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets
Plasma
Blood types
A B AB O
Rh factor
Anti-sera testing
Heart
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Right/Left Atrium
Right/Left ventricle
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid Valve Bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve
Atrioventricular septum
Layers of the heart wall
Epicardium Endocardium Myocardium
Flow of blood through the heart
Intrinsic conduction system
SA noda Internodal branches AV node
Bundle branches Perkinjee fibers
Blood vessels
Veins Arteries Capillaries
EKG
Pulse
Blood pressure
Respiratory System
Oral/nasal cavities Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) Bronchioles Alveloi
Diaphragm
Mechanics of breathing and Gas exchange
Oxygen Carbon Dioxide
Tidal volume (TV) Residual volume (RV) Vital Capacity (VC) Oxygen consumption (VO2) Maximum Oxygen consumption (VO2max)