Genetics Unit 6 – Allelle Frequencies and Genetic Technology
Chapter 14 – Pages 267 – 270
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Uses constant allele frequencies to predict ______frequencies that change from generation to generation
- Allows us to determine whether ______has occurred
In order for equilibrium to stay in effect, ______can occur. ______must occur, and populations must be ______.
______
p = % frequency of ______alleles in population
q = % frequency of ______alleles in population
______
p2 = % ______individuals
2pq = % ______individuals
q2 = % ______individuals
Example Problems
1. About 17% of people in the U.S. have blue eyes. Blue eyes are autosomal recessive. What are the odds that you carry a blue eye gene?
q2 (bb) = ______
q (b) = 0.412 p + q = 1
p (B) = ______
2pq (Bb) = carriers = ______= .485 = 48.5%
2. Approximately 85% of U.S. whites are lactose tolerant, while only 25% of African Americans have this recessive condition. What are the frequencies of the genotypes “LL” and “Ll” for the U.S. white population?
q2 (ll) = ______
q (l) = 0.92 p + q = 1
p (L) = ______
p2 (LL) = 0.0064 = 0.64%
2pq (Ll) = ______= 0.1436 = 14.36%
Chapter 15 – Sections 15.1-15.3, 15.5, 15.7
How does evolution, natural selection, and population migration affect human genetics?
- Changing allele frequencies lead to microevolution
* Causes of change
1. Nonrandom mating – like ______mate
Ex.- CF
U.S. Whites = ______= 1/2,116
U.S. Asians = ______= 1/90,000
Hopi Indian albinism = ______
2. Migration between different populations
Ex. – CF – U.S. Asians x U.S. Whites
______= 1/13,800
Galactokinase deficiency is common in Bulgarian Vlax Roma gypsies 1/2000, 1/52,000 in all Bulgarian gypsies, and 1/2.2 million Swiss. This is a ______(Neighboring populations with ______).
3. Genetic drift caused by reproductive isolation
a) Founder Effect - occurs when population size is ______to start with due to
______
The Blue People of Troublesome Creek
b) Population bottleneck – occurs when many members of a group _____ and
______the numbers
Jewish massacres – Table 15.4 – ___ diseases
4. ______that introduce new alleles into a population
5. ______allows higher probability of people with a specific trait to have
viable, fertile offspring under certain environmental conditions than individuals
with other traits.
Balanced Polymorphism – ______that allow a detrimental allele to persist in a population. These are driven by ______.
1. Sickle Cell Anemia – Carrier – ______
** autosomal recessive
SS = death from ______
NN = death from ______
NS = no SCA, evolutionary protection for ______due to RBC structure
2. G6PD deficiency – Carrier – Malaria
** ______– low enzyme level
XgY = male death from ______
XGY = male death from ______
XgXg = female death from ______
XGXG = female death from ______
XGXg = no G6PD, evolutionary protection for malaria due to RBC structure
3. PKU (Irish, Scottish) – Carrier – ______Infection
** PKU is autosomal recessive
pp = PKU & ______
PP = fungal toxin from ______causes miscarriages
Pp = no PKU, no miscarriages due to fungus being destroyed by elevated
______levels
4. Tay-Sachs (Jews) – Carrier – ______
** Tay-Sachs is autosomal recessive
tt = death by ______(age 2-5)
TT = get ______
Tt = no Tay-Sachs, or TB due to lower enzyme levels preventing ______
5. CF (Whites) – Carrier – ______Diseases
** CF is autosomal recessive
cc = death by ____
CC = death by ______to diseases such as cholera and typhus.
Cc = No CF, or diarrheal diseases due to ______in intestines
6. Diabetes Mellitus (Jews, Pimas) & ______
Type II = cells do not take up glucose from the bloodstream leading to weight
gain
Famine = not enough food
In-between = ______
7. HIV & ______
HIV & Black Death (bacterial) = death
- ______in U.S. & the United Kingdom have in-born immunity to both due to two defective genes. One defective gene ______the infection.
Should we control immigration? Should we limit human reproduction by controlling breeding and thus altering the genetic structure of our population (eugenics)?
Chapter 19 – Section 19.3
DNA ______– variations in DNA sequences between individuals
- found in ______(many mutations)
- ______are used to ______DNA into ______(page 273).
- We all have different RFLP’s due to the ______
DNA ______– compare known RFLP lengths vs. unknown samples
- fragments are separated using ______= fingerprints (______pattern)
- odds ______of someone else having your print.
Recombinant DNA Technology
- First done by ______in 1972.
- “______” sticky ends
- DNA is the same in every creature, so any gene can ______be transferred.
- Restriction Enzyme = enzymes that cut DNA at specific ______
(restriction sites) making “______”
- over ______different enzymes
- Palindrome = ______
- GAATTC -
- CTTAAG –
- palindromes designate ______in DNA
- Eco R1 = ______
GAATTC sticky ends attract
sticky ends attract CTTAAG
- different ______cut at different palindromes
- ______= enzyme that pastes DNA back together
The Steps of Recombinant DNA Technology
1. Isolate DNA ______.
2. Add a specific ______that splices out only ______gene.
3. Isolate ______from bacterium.
4. Add same restriction enzyme to plasmid DNA that was used with the donor DNA. This enzyme can only ______to open it up.
5. ______the two DNA samples.
6. Complementary sticky ends will join with the addition of ______to form ______between ______.
7. Insert the plasmid back into the bacteria acting as a ______.
8. Bacteria will ______, pass on the new ______, and perform a new ______.
Drugs produced by G.E.: Table 19.2, page 386
First one - ______
Tumor Necrosis Factor – kills tumors by ______, and they
______or are ______.
Can be produced in ______or ______
______– lab grown liver, cartilage, bone, skin, intestine, cornea, kidney, etc.
- used for ______
- Benefits – ______
______
______
______