Fly Control

Fly control is one of the largest managemental problems for poultry farmers (both for large and small poultry farms).Problem occurs due to no removal of large amount of poultry manure. Different types of flies:

  • House fly
  • Little house fly
  • The black garbage fly
  • Blow flies

95% problems involve the house fly. House fly and little house fly both can move up to 32 KM but mostly move 2-3 KM from initial source.

Fly control methods:

1-Cultural method

  1. Dry manure management
  2. Water management

2-Santation

3-Biological control

  1. Fly parasites
  2. Fly predators

4-Mechanical control

5-Chemical control

  1. Residual sprays
  2. Portable mechanical foggers

6-Fedd additives

7- Liquid sprays

Control methods include appropriate sanitary and management practices to reduce the number and size of fly breeding sites.

Successful sanitary and management programme is batter than constant use of insecticides because it is very expensive.

Manure management is most effective way to control the flies.

2000 house flies can grow completely on 1 Kg breeding material.

Fresh manure contains 75-80% moisture which is ideal for fly breeding.

Decrease moisture 30% to control the flies.

Dry manure is proffered because it has less space and fewer odors.

Dry manure management:

Frequent removal of manure (once in a weak) breaks breeding life cycle.

By drying we kill the larva and eggs.

Clumps of manure should be avoided.

If enough land is available than spread manure thinly.

Dry manure can be held for several years.

Water management:

Water management is important in controlling flies.

Prevent leaks in water pump.

Regulating water flow eliminate moisture problem.

Floor level is high than outside.

Sanitation:

Sanitation is most important.

Quickly removed dead birds and broken eggs.(use incinerator)

Clean up feeders.

Clean up water lines and waterers.

Proper drainage in poultry yards.

Biological control :( Beneficials)

Fly parasites:

Entomologists encourage the use of biological control in poultry house.

Beneficial insects introduced in poultry shed.

These are naturally occurring enemies of manure breeding flies which attack specific on flies.

Where beneficial are present, there is no spray of insecticides.

Fly predators:

Mites and Beetles.

Macrochelid, mite, raddish brown, it feeds on house fly.

Consume 20 house fly daily.

A Histerbeetle is black, 0.3 cm long.

Mechanical control:

Many types and styles of fly traps are available in market.

These traps are usually electrical.

Sticky fly strips can be used.

Chemical control:

There variety of insecticides.

Organophosphate, Carbamate, Pyrethroid.

Apply in spring season.

Two sprays are required, one at start of spring season and second after 5-6 weeks.

Avoid spray on feed and water.

Portable mechanical foggers:

Best for large house.

Portable, light weight machine are used.

Labour saving.

Operation quickly reduced adult flies.

Size of spraying droplet is 30 micron.

Windows, doors are closed for one hour.

Liquid spray:

Cyromazine is available in liquid farm.

Act as larvicide, breaking life cycle.

Odor control in poultry farm

Definition:1-The sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form.

2-The property or quality of a thing that affects, stimulates, or is perceived by the sense of smell.

3-A sensation, stimulation, or perception of the sense of smell.

Odor measurement:

Odour is measured according to 3 parameters: quality, strength and occurrence. Odour quality is a comparison with a known odour such as rotten eggs or roses. Strength is the amount of fresh air needed to dilute odorous air to the threshold odour level where it can just be detected. Occurrence is the frequency and length of time the odour persists.

Figure 1. If the right combination of organic matter, water and warm temperatures exist, there is the potential for foul odours to be created.

Spread Of Odours

Odours can either be broadcast through air as a gas or be absorbed and transported by dust particles.

Factors affecting odour generation in poultry farm

Process Affecting factors

  • Breath, flatus and faeces
  • Bird number and diet
  • Degradation of waste
  • Temperature, pH and water content in the litter
  • Volatilisation of odorous compounds
  • in the litter
  • Ventilation rate, climate, litter pH and temperature

Good practice, design and management should

always be considered before other odour control

strategies are implemented.

  • it is possible to eliminate odors completely from chicken broiler farms,

but it depends on several factors such as

the size of the farm,

the area of thefarm,

odor causing factors in the farm.

  • Identifying the sources of the odor, factors that produce them and sources to eliminate them.
  • Odor control technologies can be thought of in three different categories,

1-those that reduce the generation of odors,

2-those that decrease the emission of

Odors

3-and those that increase dilution of odors.

Practical Ways to Help Minimize Odor Complaints
Preventing the Production of Odorthrough Management

There are several management steps that can reduce odor production on the farm such as good housekeeping:

  • Clean up spilled feed and manure. Even small leaks in feeders can result in large accumulations of waste feed over time.
  • Wash manure-caked spreading equipment shortly after use.
  • Keep birds clean — their warm bodies accelerate anaerobic decay.
  • Dispose of dead stockproperly.
  • Minimize dust levels to prevent odors attached to dust particles from escaping through the ventilation system.
  • Keep organic matter such as feed or bedding dry. Anaerobic decay, the major process of odor generation, is inhibited if moisture content is kept below 40%.
  • Check regularly for leaks from drinking water supplies
  • Ensure the ventilation systems are in good working order. Good ventilation helps to keep barns dry.
  • Divert clean water away from manure storages.
  • Reduce water bowl spillage.
  • Obtain drier manure by adding bedding to absorb water.

.

Reducing the moisture content in the litter will Inhibit anaerobic bacterial activity, and reducethe formation of other odorous gases. Furthermore, low pH (< 7.5) causes anaerobicconditions, which correspond to an increase indoor emission rates. Jiang (2000) reports thatthe control of pH and water content in the littercan effectively reduce the odor emission from sheds.

  • There are around 24technologies, for odor control.
  • Most common approaches taken for odor removal include, proper manure management, chemical usage, moisture control, installation of aerated systems Etc….

SYSTEM / DESCRIPTION
Odor Control Technologies for Buildings
Biofilters / Odorous gases are passed through a bed of compost and wood chips; bacteria and fungal activity help oxidize organic volatile compounds. Use of biofilters is cost effective way for odor removal by converting the odorous gases to carbon dioxide and water. One of the cost effective and easy to use biofilters is a bed of organic material,
Biological and chemical wet scrubbers / Odorous gasses are passed through a column packed with different media types; water (and/or chemical) is sprayed over the top of the column to help optimize biological and chemical reactions.
Diet manipulation* / Enzymes added to diet to improve nutrient utilization; diets formulated to reduce crude protein content; or other changes in diets to enhance digestion.
Fat added to feed / Dust reduction and subsequent odor reduction by adding fat to the feed.
Manure additives / Chemical or biological products are added to the manure.
Additives
Odour control additives have been designed to mask, neutralize or alter, either chemically or biologically, odours or odour production. By strictly following the manufacturer's instructions, the correct additive under the proper conditions may reduce odour emissions. Research has generally been inconclusive on the effectiveness of additives. Cost and the duration of effective odour treatment are factors when considering the use of additives.
Fly ash has been tested as a stabilizing agent that can inhibit the production of odours. The ashes are rich in calcium which, when added to manure, will raise the pH to 12 where all microbial activity ceases and sulphur compounds are fixed. About 250 kg of fly ash per m3 (2.5 lbs./imp. gal) of manure is required. After an initial strong ammonia odour, the treatment lasts for approximately one month. Similar to fly ash, lime can also be used to raise the pH of manure to reduce odours.
More frequent manure removal* / Fresh manure (fewer than 5 days old) produces less odor than stored manure.
Nonthermal plasma / Odorous gases are oxidized when passed through plasma.
Oil sprinkling / Vegetable oil is sprinkled daily at low levels in the animal pens.
Ozone* / Ozone is added to the ventilation air to oxidize the odors.
Shelterbelts* / Rows of trees and other vegetation are planted around a building, thus creating a barrier for both dust and odorous compounds emitted from the building exhaust.
Windbreak walls* / A solid or porous wall constructed 10 to 15 feet from the exhaust fans will cause dust to settle out and will also help disperse the odor plume.
Odor Control Technologies for Manure Storages
Aerobic treatment / Biological process where organic matter is oxidized by aerobic bacteria; mechanical aeration is required in order to supply oxygen to the bacterial population.
Anaerobic digestion / Biological process where organic carbon is converted to methane by anaerobic bacteria under controlled conditions of temperature and pH.
Floating clay balls / Floating clay balls cover the manure surface.
Geotextile cover / Geotextile membranes are placed over the surface of the manure.
Manure additives* / Chemical or biological products are added to the manure to reduce gas formation.
Natural crust / Dairy and sometimes swine storage basins can form a natural crust. This crust will reduce odor emissions.
Solid cover / Non-porous cover floated on, or suspended over, the liquid surface. Covers trap gases before they escape. Gases must be drawn off and treated.
Solid composting / Biological process in which aerobic bacteria convert organic material into a soil-like manure called compost; itÕs the same process that decays leaves and other organic debris in nature.
Solid separation* / Solids are separated from liquid slurry through sedimentation basins or mechanical separators.
Straw cover / An 8-12 inch blanket of dry wheat, barley, or other good quality straw floated on the manure surface reduces emissions.
Odor Control Options for Land Application of Manure
Manure incorporation or injection / Manure is incorporated immediately after land application or manure is injected under the soil surface.
Chemical addition / Chemicals added during agitation to reduce hydrogen sulfide or ammonia emissions. CBPA is organic liquid chemical, which is widely used as odor abatement. It eliminate all the malodors from the poultry farms to satisfactory Level.
Odor Control Options for Other Odor Sources
Mortality composting / Method to dispose of dead animals. Carcasses are buried in sawdust or some other organic composting material. Decomposition takes place very rapidly.

*Effectiveness of these technologies has not been verified.

Equipment used for odor control Rotary Odor which have adjustable flow rates and can be set automatically on timers. This equipment does not lead to litter wetting and is non-drip.

TrueFog is another simplest and most effective method of removing odors from poultry farms.

TrueFog odor control systems provide a safe and economical method of

eliminating a wide range of odor problems. It is easy to install within few

hours and can operate 24 hours a day.

  • In chicken houses major odor-causing compound like ammonia, can be eliminated

using Effective Microorganism (EM) products like EM Probiotic and EM Waste

Treatment. Several experiments with EM Probiotic in broiler farm indicated

Reduction of ammonia up to 70% in chicken dung. Use of EM Waste Treatment can eliminate odors and insect pests within 48 hours.

Treating Odours

If methods for containing odours within the boundary of the farm are insufficient, odour treatment methods may be necessary.

Manure and other organic matter can be treated biologically or chemically to reduce odour potential. Biological treatments include aerobic (with air) systems such as aeration, and anaerobic (without air) systems such as anaerobic digesters. Other methods include using additives designed to chemically or biologically alter, reduce or mask odours.

In aeration, air is introduced into the liquid manure storage by mechanical agitation, or under pressure with compressors or blowers. The resulting aerobic breakdown of manure is much less odorous, however, the process requires a lot of electrical power.

Digestion under controlled anaerobic conditions (Figure 3) speeds up a natural biological decay process to create biogas and a low-odour, biologically stable manure. Under controlled conditions at elevated temperatures the anaerobic digestion is more complete, odorous compounds are created and are then converted to odourless biogas. While digesters are only beginning to become economically effective in gas production, they have been very effective in reducing odours.