Nucleorhabdovirus
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Contributing authors
Bennington JMA Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity
Hammond NE Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity
Poole MC Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity
Shan F Research Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity
Wood CE Technical Officer – Biosecurity and Regulation, Plant Biosecurity
Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, December 2016
Document citation
DAFWA 2016, Draft pest categorisation of organisms associated with washed ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) imported from other Australian states and territories. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth.
Copyright© Western Australian Agriculture Authority, 2016
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For further information or additional copies of this document, please contact:
Marc Poole
Plant Biosecurity
Biosecurity and Regulation
Department of Agriculture and Food
3 Baron-Hay Court
South Perth WA 6151
Telephone: +61893683224
Email:
Post: Locked Bag 4 Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983
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Contents
Summary 1
Methodology 4
Introduction 4
Determining an organisms quarantine pest status 4
Association with potato production in Australia 4
Association with the washed ware potato pathway 5
Potential to establish and spread in Western Australia 5
Potential for economic consequences 5
Final determination 6
Consultation 6
Pest categorisation of invertebrates 7
Pest categorisation of pathogens 27
References 78
Tables
Table 1: Pest categorisation summary 2
Table 2 Quarantine pests associated with imported washed ware potatoes 3
Table 3: Invertebrates potentially associated with Australian potato production 7
Table 4: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (invertebrates) 21
Table 5: Pathogens potentially associated with Australian potato production 27
Table 6: Pathway association and potential for establishment, spread and economic consequences (pathogens) 62
Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation
Summary
The Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA) has prepared this draft pest categorisation as the first step in the policy review of washed ware potatoes imported into Western Australia from other states and territories. The purpose of the pest categorisation is to determine what quarantine pests are potentially associated with the washed ware potato pathway.
Washed ware potatoes from interstate are currently permitted entry into Western Australia under strict quarantine conditions for specific pests and diseases. This policy has been in place for many years and is being reviewed to ensure it provides an appropriate level of protection for the state.
The policy review is being undertaken via a pest risk analysis (PRA) process. A PRA is one mechanism by which DAFWA’s Plant Biosecurity Policy Group determines the biosecurity risks associated with commodities imported from other Australian states and territories, and provides scientific justification for any recommended phytosanitary measures. Any recommended phytosanitary measures are required to be compliant with international and national agreements.
The draft pest categorisation (this document) identifies invertebrate and pathogen pests that are:
· associated with the washed ware potato pathway,
· absent from Western Australia,
· have the potential to establish in Western Australia, and
· be of economic concern should they establish in Western Australia.
This report has assessed 430 candidate organisms potentially associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production in Australia (Table 1). Of these candidate organisms, 6 invertebrates and 31 pathogens (Table 2) were identified as pests of quarantine concern associated with the washed ware potato pathway that satisfy the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) definition of a quarantine pest:
‘A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled’ (ISPM5 2016).
At the conclusion of the consultation period for this draft pest categorisation, DAFWA will consider stakeholder submissions and incorporate relevant information into the draft policy review.
The quarantine pests identified in the pest categorisation will undergo further assessment in the draft policy review to:
· determine the unrestricted risk of entry, establishment and spread of the pests in Western Australia, and
· determine the extent where necessary of any phytosanitary measures required to provide an appropriate level of protection for Western Australia.
1
Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation
Table 1: Pest categorisation summary[1] /Organism group / Associated with Australian potato production / Absent from
Western Australia or of regional concern / Potential presence on the washed ware potato pathway / Potential to establish / Potential for economic consequences / Quarantine pest species /
Mites / 7 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Insects / 158 / 35 / 9 / 9 / 5 / 5
Total invertebrates / 165 / 37 / 10 / 10 / 6 / 6
No data in this row
Bacteria / 25 / 6 / 5 / 5 / 3 / 3
Phytoplasmas / 5 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Fungi / 167 / 61 / 23 / 22 / 16 / 16
Nematodes / 47 / 24 / 6 / 6 / 6 / 6
Protozoa / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Viruses & Viroids / 19 / 6 / 6 / 6 / 6 / 6
Total pathogens / 265 / 98 / 40 / 39 / 31 / 31
No data in this row
Total organisms / 430 / 135 / 50 / 49 / 37 / 37
2
Plant Biosecurity Policy | Washed Ware Potatoes Policy Review - Draft Pest Categorisation
Table 2 Quarantine pests associated with imported washed ware potatoes /Scientific name / Common name /
Invertebrate
Cheiroplatys latipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) / potato scarab
Hapatesus (Hapatesus) hirtus Candèze, 1863 / potato wireworm
Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, 1868 / bulb mite
Rhopaea magnicornis Blackburn, 1888 / rhopaea canegrub
Sericesthis geminata Boisduval, 1835 / pruinose scarab
Pathogen
Alternaria protenta E.G. Simmons, 1986 / early blight
Boeremia foveata (Foister) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, 2010 / gangrene
Carlavirus Potato virus M / Potato virus M (PVM)
Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Harkn.) Wollenw., 1916 / black-foot (grapevine)
Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & L.C. May, 1972 / brown-eye
Dickeya zeae Samson et al., 2005 / bacterial soft rot
Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) Filip'ev, 1936 / stem nematode
Fusarium flocciferum Corda, 1831 / dry rot
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen, 1940 / dry rot
Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw., 1913 / dry rot
Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 / potato cyst nematodes (PCN)
Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., 1885 / root rot (vegetables)
Monographella cucumerina (Lindf.) Arx, 1984 / microdochium blight (cucurbits)
Nucleorhabdovirus Eggplant mottled dwarf virus / Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV)
Phacidiopycnis tuberivora (Güssow & W.R. Foster) B. Sutton, 1980 / dry, corky stem-end rot
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1876 / late blight
Potato spindle tuber viroid / Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)
Potexvirus Potato aucuba mosaic virus / Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV)
Potyvirus Potato virus A / Potato virus A (PVA)
Potyvirus Potato virus Y biological strains D and N, and phylogenetic group NTN / Potato virus Y (PVY)
Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 / root lesion nematode
Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim, 1983 / root lesion nematode
Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 / root lesion nematode
Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filip'jev, 1936 / root lesion nematode
Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Brown 1918) Stevens, 1925 / soft rot
Pythiogeton ramosum Minden, 1916 / soft rot
Pythium deliense Meurs, 1934 / watery wound rot or shell rot
Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al., 1996 / bacterial wilt
Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerell, 2011 / black bundle disease (corn)
Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, 1879 / Verticillium wilt
Verticillium dahliae Kleb., 1913 (VCGs not present) / Verticillium wilt
Methodology
Introduction
Candidate organisms are pests[2] that are identified as possible candidates for phytosanitary measures in association with a pathway. The pest categorisation of candidate organisms (this document) is the first step in the process for the policy review of washed ware potatoes imported into Western Australia from other states and territories. The categorisation process examines whether a pest satisfies the criteria of a quarantine pest.
The identification of quarantine pests potentially associated with washed ware potatoes in other states and territories is done in accordance with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 2 Framework for pest risk analysis (2016) and ISPM 11 Pest risk analysis of quarantine pests (2016).The methodology outlined in this document also aligns with current Commonwealth methodology for plant based pest risk analyses.
The internationally accepted criterion of a quarantine pest has been defined by the International Plant Protection Convention as:
‘a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled’ (ISPM5 2016), where:
· area is defined as an ‘officially defined country, part of a country or all or parts of several countries’ (ISPM5 2016),
· potential economic importance is determined by ‘clear indications that the pest is likely to have an unacceptable economic impact (including environmental impact) in the PRA area’ (ISPM11 2016), and
· endangered area is defined as ‘an area where ecological factors favour the establishment of a pest whose presence in the area will result in economically important loss’ (ISPM5 2016).
The categorisation of candidate organisms also establishes their association with the washed ware potato pathway.
The quarantine pests identified in the pest categorisation will be assessed in the policy review to determine:
· the unrestricted risk of entry, establishment and spread of the pest into Western Australia, and
· the extent where necessary, of any phytosanitary measures required to provide an appropriate level of protection for Western Australia.
Determining an organisms quarantine pest status
Association with potato production in Australia
A list of candidate organisms associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production was compiled based on information obtained from:
· a review of Commonwealth, state, scientific, industry and other literature
· a review of relevant internet sources
· a review of invertebrate and pathogen specimens residing in collections within Australia
· expert consultation.
The candidate organism list details:
· the current accepted name where possible
· a substantiating reference indicating a potential association with commercial or non-commercial potato production
· a substantiating reference establishing presence or absence in Western Australia.
- If a candidate organism is found to be present in Western Australia, and is not under official control, then it does not satisfy the criteria of a quarantine pest and further evaluation is not required.
- Where a candidate organism’s presence in Western Australia cannot be substantiated, then it may satisfy the criteria of a quarantine pest and is evaluated further.
The list of candidate organisms associated with commercial and non-commercial potato production in Australia is presented in Table 3 for invertebrates and Table 5 for pathogens.
Association with the washed ware potato pathway
A candidate organism’s association with the washed ware potato pathway is evaluated in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. The evaluation includes a statement to substantiate the association.
Any candidate organism is absent from Western Australia and found to be associated with the washed ware potato pathway are assessed further for their potential to establish and spread, and have an unacceptable economic consequence (including environmental impact) in Western Australia.
Any candidate organisms evaluated as not having a credible pathway association are not considered further in the pest categorisation process. In some instances a candidate organism are not considered as having a pathway association if the reference is considered unreliable such as being is old with no recent records, or where only single pathway associated records were found.
In the absence of sufficient information, uncertainties are identified and the process continues (ISPM11 2016) to assess the organisms potential to establish, spread and be of economic concern in Western Australia.
Potential to establish and spread in Western Australia
A candidate organism’s potential to establish and spread within an endangered area of Western Australia is evaluated and presented in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. An assumption is made that if a host plant is present in Western Australia then the potential exists for candidate organism to establish and spread. If the potential to establish and spread within endangered areas in Western Australia cannot be established, the candidate organism is not considered further.
Potential for economic consequences
A candidate organism’s potential economic consequence should it establish within an endangered area of Western Australia is evaluated and presented in Table 4 for invertebrates and Table 6 for pathogens. If the potential for economic consequences cannot be determined then the candidate organism does not meet the definition of a quarantine pest and is not considered further.
Final determination
A candidate organism that does not meet all of the criteria assessed in the pest categorisation phase is not considered a quarantine pest associated with the washed ware potato pathway. Candidate species meeting all criteria for a quarantine pest are eligible for further evaluation through the pest risk assessment process and are presented in Table 2.