FL Unit 1 Study Guide

FL Unit 1 Study Guide

Name: ______Period:_____ Date:______

Answer all questions on your own paper and in complete sentences.

Define each of the following.

1. Digestion- the process of breaking food down to be used by the body

2. Calorie - a measurement to show how much energy a food contains

3. Nutrients - the usable portions of food used for growth, repair, and replacement

4. Esophagus- the tube leading from the throat to the stomach

5. Saliva- liquid released in the mouth to moisten food and to begin the dissolving of food

6. Liver -organ located near the stomach; makes bile which helps break fat into smaller pieces called fat droplets

7. Pancreas-makes pancreatic juice, which contains many enzymes that act on the food in the small intestine; also produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of the food coming from the stomach.

8. Enzymes- substances which chemically act on food to break it down into simpler substances

9. Peristalsis- muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system

10. Bolus -the name given to a food ball formed in the mouth and then swallowed

11. Chyme -the name given to food as it leaves the stomach and moves into the small intestine

12. Villi -structures which line the walls of the small intestine and are responsible for transferring food into the circulatory system

* Be able to label the digestive system just like the diagram you had to label in class.

13. List all six of the essential nutrients and their functions in the body as well as sources.

Water

• Most important nutrient.
• Carries nutrients to cells and takes waste away.
• Makes up two-thirds of the body.
• It is part of every cell.
• Helps to regulate the bodies temperature.
• Every food has some water in it.
• Humans can live several weeks without food but only a few days without water.

Fats

• Fats are the nutrient that supplies the MOST energy. More than twice as much as carbohydrates.

• They carry four important vitamins A, D, E and K.

• They supply some fatty acids that are absolutely necessary for good health.
• Fat stored in body helps to insulate, cushion and protect us.
• Sources of Fat:
• Butter, Oils, Salad Dressings, Cheese, Eggs, Meat, Whole Milk, Ice cream, Poultry, Fish, Nuts, seeds, Avocados, Olives, sauces, bakery foods, fried foods and even some candies contain fat.

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy.

Sources of Carbohydrates:

- Whole wheat breads

- Rice

- Pasta

- Potatoes

Protein

• Protein is essential for body growth and repair of body cells.
• Every tissue is made of some form of protein.
• Enzymes, antibodies and hormones are all proteins.
• Without a regular supply of new protein we couldn’t grow new cells, our wounds wouldn’t heal and our worn-out cell wouldn’t be replaced.
• If the body doesn’t get enough calories from carbohydrates and fats then protein can be used for an energy source.
• Excess protein is changed to fat and stored in the body.

Sources of Protein:

• Meat, Eggs, Fish, Nuts, Beans, Poultry, Dairy Products and some grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes.

Vitamins

• Vitamins help regulate body functions.
• 1913 vitamins were discovered and the following were identified as the major vitamins.

• A, B (8 different B vitamins), C, D, and K. others such as niacin don’t have names.
• Vitamins are in foods in small amounts but without the small amounts our cells couldn’t do their jobs.
• Vitamins help to form material that holds cells together, for helping bones and teeth to use calcium, for helping the body use energy, and for many other critical life-support activities.
• Minerals are very diverse and have tasks like building strong bones or maintaining the right amount water in cells.
• Major Minerals Needed: Calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, chlorine and potassium.
• Other minerals are needed in small amounts they are called trace minerals
• Iron, iodine, fluoride and zinc

Minerals

• Minerals are very diverse and have tasks like building strong bones or maintaining the right amount water in cells.
• Major Minerals Needed: Calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, chlorine and potassium.

• Other minerals are needed in small amounts they are called trace minerals
• Iron, iodine, fluoride and zinc

*See handout given to you for more information

14. Define nutrition -is the science that studies how body makes use of food.

15. Define Diet - everything you eat and drink.

16. What three things do foods do for you and your body?

• It provides energy for daily activity
• It gives you raw material
• Eating is an enjoyable activity

17. Explain the three types of carbohydrates, their purpose in the body and sources.

• Simple Carbohydrates - Glucose, fructose, dextrose and sucrose are carbohydrates in their simplest form, sugars.

- Found naturally in fruits, milk and vegetable like peas.

- Refined sugars that come from sugar beets and sugarcane are used in processed foods, sweeteners and as table sugar.

• Starches – more complex carbohydrates

- Found in rice, potatoes, vegetables, breads and cereals.

- Essential to your health and very important in your diet because they provide needed nutrients.

• Fiber – complex carbohydrates that form the tough cell walls in plant cells.

- Humans can’t digest fiber but it’s important to our diet because it helps keep food moving through the digestive tract.

- Helps the intestines in good working order.

- Found in…

All plants supply some fiber

Whole grains

Fruit

Vegetables

18. Define glycogen -is what the one-pound of carbohydrates that is stored in the liver is called.

• Used when the body needs quick energy.
• All other excess carbohydrates are converted to fat and stored as fatty tissue.

19. Explain bioavailability- The proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed from the diet and used for normal body functions.

20. What mixes with food to help make food easier to swallow?Saliva

21. Where is food mixed up?Stomach

22. What breaks food into pieces?Teeth

23. What is the first organ in the digestive system?Mouth