CompendiumofNational Institutional Arrangements for implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
The 64 countries that presented voluntary national reviews at the high-level political forum in 2016 and 2017
United Nations
UN Department for Economic and Social Affairs
Division for Public Administration and Development Management
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options, (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmentalbodies on joint course of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges, and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities.
Disclaimers
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas.
Copyright ©United Nations, 2018
Table of Contents
Introduction
Synthesis
Afghanistan
Argentina
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Guatemala
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malaysia
Maldives
Mexico
Monaco
Montenegro
Morocco
Nepal
Netherlands
Nigeria
Norway
Panama
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Samoa
Sierra Leone
Country:
Slovenia
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Thailand
Togo
Turkey
Uganda
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zimbabwe
Annex
1
Introduction
Many countries have initiated efforts to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, inter alia by configuring institutional arrangements that would enable government institutions and other stakeholders to work together in delivering the objectives encapsulated in the Agenda.
The discussions at the United Nationshigh-level political forum on sustainable development (HLPF)in 2016 and 2017 showed that, with the SDGs, the role of Government and public institutions has never been more critical. This was also a key message of the UN Public Service Forum in the Netherlands in June 2017 and the Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA). But the SDGs also call for governments to transform themselves and deeply change the way they are organized, work, make and deliver policies and relate to people. The 2030 Agenda commits governments to engaging people in decision making and making institutions effective, accountable and inclusive. It is thus important that government mobilises all agencies, all actors and society at large around the SDGs, transforming the SDGs into a “whole of government” and “whole of society” endeavour.
Manycountries gathered at the 2016 and 2017 HLPFs explained how they have been working to move in that direction and how they have been adapting their policy and institutional frameworks and mobilising all parts of governments, parliaments, civil society, the business sector and other actors around the SDGs. This compendium of national institutional arrangements for implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to capture the gist of those actions in the institutional dimension in a simple common framework for all countries. By reflecting the approaches taken by countries facing different contexts and circumstances, the compendium aims to facilitate exchanges on institutional practices and lessonslearned among governments and other stakeholders, thereby helping them to support the realization of the SDGs.
This compendium, prepared by the Division for Public Administration and Development Management of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, initially covered the 22 UN Member States that chose to present reviews of progress on the SDGs at the 2016 HLPF. They were China, Colombia, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Madagascar, Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco, Norway, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Uganda and Venezuela.
It is now expanded to cover the 43 countries that presented Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) in 2017. These countries are Afghanistan, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Maldives, Monaco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, Slovenia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Thailand, Togo (which presented a review for the second time), Uruguay and Zimbabwe.
The information collected for each country is classified in nine categories: (i) national strategies and plans; (ii) national institutional arrangements; (iii) local authorities; (iv) parliament; (v) engaging and equipping public servants; (vi) civil society and the private sector; (vii) monitoring and review; (viii) supreme audit institutions; and (ix) budgeting. For a description of the sources used in this report, see the Annex.
The research was conducted within the period of August 2016 – December 2017. All the countries covered in the report had an opportunity to review the information that concerned them, through their representations to the UN in New York. Countries that provided feedback and inputs and comment wereBrazil, China, Colombia, Egypt, Estonia, Nepal, Panama, the Philippines, Samoa, Slovenia, Switzerland and Venezuela.
In every country, the institutional landscape evolves over time. Although every effort was made to accurately reflect the situation in each country, information in this compendium will need to be updated periodically to reflect institutional changes. Member States are invited to contribute comments and additional feedback to this compendium by emailing to . Stakeholders are likewise welcomed to share their remarks.
Synthesis
In the two years since the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development came into effect, many countries around the world have made significant efforts to establish the necessary institutional arrangements and mobilise various institutions and actors for the successful implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Throughout this process, manyhave consciously incorporated the SDGs into existing institutional frameworks in a way that is best adapted to their individual national contexts. They have proposed innovative programs and policies, and forged partnerships and collaboration mechanisms between government institutions and other stakeholders to effectively deliver the SDGs.
Adoption and adaptation of national strategies and plans
The 2030 Agenda notes that it is up to each Government to “decide how [the] aspirational and global targets [of the SDGs] should be incorporated into national planning processes, policies and strategies.” It specifies that national responses to implement the Agenda can “build on existing planning instruments, such as national development and sustainable development strategies”. National plans and strategies set the overall direction and priorities and form the first opportunity to express SDG efforts in a coherent way at the national level.
In numerous countries, existing national development plans (more frequently present in developing countries) or national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) provide the national framework for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. These countries include 49 out of the 64 VNR countries, namely: Afghanistan, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Colombia, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Germany, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.
Some of those countries have explicitly integrated the SDGs in their national plans or overarching national sustainable development plans (e.g. Argentina, Bangladesh, China (5 year plan), Cyprus, Czech Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, India, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, Nepal, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, Slovenia, Qatar, Tajikistan, Togo, Zimbabwe). These plans and strategies guide the countries’ overall development and are not strategies dedicated only to the SDGs.
In some countries, an action plan dedicated in part or entirely to the SDGs has been developed. In some cases,this comes in addition to the inclusion of the SDGs in the overarching plan or strategy.Countries having an action planinclude Benin, Botswana, China, Finland, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway and Sweden. For instance, Botswana’s National SDGs Roadmap describes medium- and long-term strategies for implementation of the SDGs, and includes a 5-year plan of action to be broken down into annual work plans. In 2016, China’s Position Paper on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was formulated - in addition to its 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) for Economic and Social Development, which reflects the SDGs. In case of Jordan, the Roadmap for SDG Implementation defines how the SDGs are to be incorporated into national and sub-national strategic planning, budgeting, monitoring processes and institutional framework. In Kenya, a 3-year SDGs Road Map was established as a guideline to adopting the SDGs in key areas. Jordan’s Road map for SDG implementation defines how the SDGs are to be incorporated into national and sub-national strategic planning, budgets, monitoring processes, and institutional frameworks.
In addition to inspiring the overarching policies and plans, there is the expectation that the SDGs will be pursued through policies in the various sectors.In some countries, the SDGs have been used to adjust sectoral policies or are implemented through sector-specific programmes. Nepal is working to integrate the SDGs into its Fourteenth Periodic Plan, whose five pillars are already consistent with the SDGs, and the SDGs are also being incorporated into sectoral strategies and annual programmes. Peru has integrated the SDGs into national sectoral policies and targets, as well as into the Strategic Plan for National Development. Togo has integrated the SDGs into its National Development Plan (2018-2022), and sectoral plans and policies have been or are in the process of being updated to reflect the SDGs.
To support the review of plans and policies, anumber of countries have been mapping and comparing the SDGs with their strategies and plans. On this basis, some countries have revised and aligned their existing national development plans or NSDS with the SDGs. These countries include Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, Kenya, Luxembourg, Mexico, Montenegro, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, Thailand and Uruguay. In some countries, the mapping led to identification of priority targets and/or indicators. For example, in Guatemala, comparing and mapping led to prioritization of 129 of the SDG targets and 200 of the SDG indicators. In Togo, the Government decided to prioritize 60 SDG targets, using a prioritization grid. In other countries, the mapping showed that the national strategy was aligned with the SDGs. The country’s planning or policy cycle have an impact. In some cases, countries are awaiting the planned review of their plan to fully reflect the SDGs.
It is not easy to gauge the extent to whichcountries look at all the SDGs as opposed to a subset of them. In Afghanistan, the 17 SDGs were divided into 8 socio-economic sectors to facilitate planning and implementation for the respective ministries and agencies. In Bangladesh, the Government has assigned responsibility for each goal of the 2030 Agenda to the relevant Ministry and/or agency. In Germany, the final, revised draft of the National Sustainable Development Strategy focusses on each individual Goal and proposes actions that the Government could undertake for its implementation. In the Philippines, all the development issues covered by the SDGs which are relevant to the country are covered in the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022. In Togo, the forthcoming national development plan (PND 2018-2022) will address all 17 SDGs, with 11 first priority targets and 52 second priority targets identified for the country.
In comparison, some countries like Benin and Republic of Korea selected some SDGs. Benin has selected 49 targets and 80 associated indicators which are most relevant to national priorities. Monaco has highlighted issues such as climate change and sustainable industry.In the Republic of Korea, the Third National Basic Plan was drafted in 2015 by analysing the situation in the country and selecting the Goals and targets that are most relevant and urgent in the national context.
As implementation of the SDGs unfolds, it would be important to look at the lessons learned from the implementation of the NSDS, which many countries launched in response to the first Rio Conference on the Environment and Development and its outcome, Agenda 21.The adoption of the 2030 Agenda establishes sustainable development as the reference paradigm, with an attached set of goals and targets. Hence, national strategies that adapt the SDGs to national context and circumstances could be expected to be more influential and perform better than the past generation of NSDS. Useful lessons learned from the implementation of NSDS during the past 20 years can be directly transposed to current NSDS, in particular regarding: the establishment of effective national legal and regulatory frameworks, the identification of stakeholders and the creation of institutionalised mechanisms for stakeholder engagement and participation in decision-making, the coordination of sectoral development plans, the mobilisation of financing for the SDGs, and monitoring and review. This also applies to the sub-national level, where lessons learned from local Agenda 21 and similar initiatives are still largely relevant.
It would be important for countries to discuss lessons and ambitions related to incorporating the SDGs in national plans and policiesat annual meetings of the HLPF.
National institutional arrangements
An important condition for implementing the 2030 Agenda will be to incorporate the SDGs into the actions of all parts of Government by adopting a whole-of-government approach – while also bringing the various government institutions together to develop and implement integrated policies.
The creation of inter-ministerial structures is a way to mobilise the various parts of the government around the SDGs and ensure coherent and coordinated efforts overall. It can also facilitate integrated approaches to implement the SDGs by the Government through overarching plans and policies, sectoral policies and other measures. A substantial number of countries have created new inter-ministerial committees to spur and coordinate the implementation of the SDGs (e.g. Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, El Salvador, Germany, Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, Nepal, the Philippines, Portugal, Slovenia). Such inter-ministerial committees may include planning, sectoral ministries, finance ministry and foreign affairs. In some countries, the public administration ministry is included, such as in Egypt. In many countries, key coordinating bodies, including inter-ministerial committees,are of the multi-stakeholder type (e.g. Estonia,Madagascar, Mexico, Samoa, Argentina, Belarus, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Czech Republic,El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Nepal, Panama, Togo, Zimbabwe). Some of those committees are chaired by the Head of State or Government (e.g. Argentina, Azerbaijan, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Guatemala, Jordan, Madagascar, Mexico, Nepal, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Thailand, Togo).
On the other hand, many countries have entrusted a specific ministry to spearhead implementation (e.g. Belgium, Belize, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Georgia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Thailand,Tajikistan, Uganda). To mainstream the SDGs across government institutions, some countries (e.g. China, Finland, Mexico, Norway and Sweden) have requested relevant ministries to identify their mandates and responsibilities vis-à-vis specific SDGs. In many developing countries, this has been tasked to the planning ministry. In very few cases, the finance ministry is in charge.
The multitude of institutional arrangements that are used suggests that no single institutional model is intrinsically more appropriate than the others. It would appear important that the institution leading SDG implementation has sufficient clout, the ability to mobilise resources and the vision and capacities necessary to plan SDG implementation in a comprehensive, coherent and integrated way and in the whole country. It would also be important to avoid that the SDGs be perceived as restricted to a specific sector such as the environment or as related only to foreign affairs or development cooperation. The continuing engagement of the highest level of government and its core support offices and team can play a critical role in accelerating and sustaining implementation.
As emphasised during the 2016 and 2017 HLPF meetings, having appropriate institutional structures for SDG implementation for policy coherence is of great importance. To continuously spur implementation of the 2030 Agenda, the arrangements and institutions in charge of spearheading or coordinating the implementation of the SDGs need to deliver actual integrated strategies and approaches and to go beyond information exchange. They should create new dynamics for working together throughout policy cycles across sectors and levels of government.