NOTES-Chapter 11 Section 1: Preparing for War

NOTES-Chapter 11 Section 1: Preparing for War

Main Idea: The attack on Fort Sumter led both the North and the South to prepare for war in earnest.

The Fall of Fort Sumter

Crisis

·  Commander of the fort, Robert Anderson sent urgent message to Lincoln March 5

o  Confederate leaders demanded he ______ or face attack

o  Fort supplies were running low, they need help!

·  What to do?

o  Surrender – shows south the north does not want a war; some northerners did not want to treat them as a separate legitimate nation

·  Lincoln would ______ surrender, told Confederates he would only send food and other nonmilitary supplies to fort—how would President Davis respond?

Attack

·  Davis decides to act before provisions arrive

o  Tells commanding officer to order an evacuation and if they refuse, to proceed to reduce [destroy] it

·  April 12, Confederate artillery ______

·  Fort’s defenses were no match and they surrendered the next day

·  April 14 US flag was replaced with southern flag

The Rush to War and Border States

Response to Ft. Sumter

·  President Lincoln calls ______to serve for ______ to put down rebellion

o  Northerners rush to enlist

o  8 slave states that remained in the Union had to choose sides

o  Southern states were enraged

·  In April, Virginia seceded

·  In May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed

·  What about ______—slaveholding states that remained in the Union and formed border with the Confederacy

Border States

·  Delaware

o  Very few slaves and slaveholders, remains loyal to Union

·  Maryland

o  ______ as it surrounded D.C.

o  Pro-secessionist burned bridges and cut telegraph wires à Lincoln sent federal troops to guard sites and put parts of the state under martial law

·  Missouri

o  Could ______ lower Mississippi River

o  Lincoln sends troops to help pro-Union gov’t stay in control of state

·  Kentucky

o  Control of some 700 miles of Ohio River meant Union open to threat

·  No matter what side they chose, people were ______

Goals and Strategies

North

·  Goal: fight to ______ (patriotic), not settle the slavery issue

·  Strategies (The Anaconda Plan):

o  Blockade southern ports

o  Union gunboats down the Mississippi to cut the Confederacy in two

South

·  Goal: to be ______ with slavery unchanged

·  Strategies:

o  Hold the invading armies off until they tire out and withdraw (defensive war)

o  Cotton Diplomacy – if war disrupted cotton supply to Great Britain and France, both nations would come to their aid to restore the cotton trade

Advantages and Disadvantages

North

·  Advantages
o  Larger ______
o  Industry supported manufacturing
o  Larger ______
o  Strong leader in Lincoln
o  Well-organized navy / ·  Disadvantages
o  Offensive war, had to take the war to them

South

·  Advantages
o  ______, opposition comes to us
o  Knowledge of the area, used to conditions, supplies closer
o  Fighting for their survival and way of life
o  Strong military leaders (i.e. Robert E. Lee) / ·  Disadvantages
o  Far ______ than the north

NOTES-Chapter 11 Section 2: Fighting Erupts

Main Idea: Widespread fighting occurred during the first two years of the Civil War.

The Major Battles Begin

·  General McDowell warned President Lincoln that Union army was not ready

o  90-day enlistment almost up

o  No real training and not used to marching

·  Lincoln notes they are all “______” [inexperienced] the South included

First Battle of Bull Run

·  Armies could not carry out plans, battle became a chaotic free-for-all

·  At first Union troops push Confederates back

·  Virginia soldiers led by Gen. Thomas Jackson rushed onto field and stopped Union advancement ~ “There stands Jackson like a stone wall!” “Rally behind the Virginians!” ~ Stonewall Jackson had earned his famous nickname

·  Union soldiers begin to fall back and Confederates do not push ahead

·  Ended hopes for a ______

·  Lincoln called for more volunteers willing to serve for ______

·  Replaced McDowell with George McClellan

A New War: Technology and Devices

·  Bullet-shaped ammunition rather than round ball

·  Spiral groove inside gun barrel

·  New reloading system

·  cannonballs replaced by shrapnel

·  Observation balloons to direct artillery fire

·  First use of camouflage

·  Machine guns, wire entanglement, flamethrowers, and gas shells

·  Telegraph allows quick communication

·  Railroads move large numbers of troops

·  New technologies made the war ______

Ironclads

·  Armored gunboats, covered with heavy iron plates up to 3” thick

·  Nearly invincible to Confederate cannon fire

·  ______ to the North’s campaign for the Mississippi River

Ulysses S. Grant

·  Union general in command of the ______

·  Takes Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in quick surrenders

o  Grant would accept “No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender…”

·  Capture of both forts caused a sensation in both North and South

·  2 major rivers are now vulnerable to attack in the Confederacy

Battle of Shiloh

·  April 6, 1862

·  Confederates attacked Union troops camped at Shiloh Church

·  After hours of fighting Confederates had pushed Union forces back; Grant does not retreat

·  Next day Union forces doubled pushed Confederates back; by 2:30 pm the battle was over

·  Bloodiest fighting yet seen

·  ______ that rebellion would collapse on its own

·  Opened way for Union forces to split the Confederacy and gain complete control of the Mississippi River

The War in the East

Peninsula Campaign

·  March 1862, General McClellan moved his large army

·  Came upon small number of Confederates at Yorktown, but ______ to ask for more troops

·  Lincoln denied and advised him to act now, he did not

·  May 31 Confederates turned and attacked the Union forces divided by a river

·  No winners, heavy losses on both sides

·  Lincoln removes McClellan from command

Second Battle of Bull Run

·  August 29, Lee lured General Pope into battle near Manassas, almost the same ground where McDowell was beaten a year before

·  With Pope’s defeat, Lincoln put ______ (“We must use what tools we have.”)

·  Morale in the north is at an all-time low

·  Confederates believed a victory on Union soil might prompt the North to ask for peace

The Union is Invaded

Battle of Antietam

·  McClellan is again indecisive and ______, so Confederates were able to organize their defenses

·  September 17, 1862

o  Time and time again Union forces charged defenses to no avail

o  Bloodiest ______

o  Combined loss of 23,000 (Lee lost 1/3 of his numbers)

·  McClellan did not push forward the next day

·  Lincoln relieved him of duty a second and ______

Battle of Fredericksburg

·  General Burnside orders frontal attack of Confederates

·  December 13, 1862, men were ordered 14 times to charge

·  Only the approach of darkness and pleas of his commanders halted the slaughter

·  More than 13,000 men (twice the number of Lee’s troops) lost

·  Further ______Northern ______

NOTES-Chapter 11 Section 3: The War Behind the Lines

Main Idea: The Civil War created hardships,, challenges , and opportunities for people in the North and the South

The Emancipation Proclamation

·  Northern attitudes change in regards to “just” saving the Union

·  January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves in all areas that were in ______ against the United States

Reactions were mixed:

·  Upset Northern abolitionists because it ______ in the states not in rebellion

·  It also did not apply to the areas of the Confederacy that had already been conquered by Union forces

·  Some northerners feared increased ______

·  Some believed it would help ______

·  Great Britain felt Lincoln had not gone far enough

·  Only freed these slaves because he feared causing trouble in the border states and other parts of the North and ______

African Americans and the War

·  Huge contributions in the South

o  Working on the farms and plantations provided food for soldiers as well as releasing white males from labor to join the army

o  Served in noncombat jobs like cooking, nursing, driving wagons, building defenses

·  Escaped slaves were often times hired by Union army to drive wagons, build forts, serve as guides, etc.

·  African American soldiers served in ______ usually commanded by white officers

·  At first they were mainly used for labor and guard duty

·  In May and July of 1863 African American regiments fought heroically in attacks at Port Hudson and Fort Wagoner

·  Nearly ______ in the Union armies

·  By the end of the war black troops had served in some 200 battles and more than 38,000 died serving the Union

Life in the Military

·  Most troops did not die on the battlefield or wounds suffered there

·  ______ was by far the greatest killer of soldiers

·  No such thing as vaccinations and antibiotics-diseases spread rapidly in camp

·  Some soldiers were sickened by poor sanitation and polluted water supplies

·  Civil War doctors knew nothing about bacteria and the spread of them

·  Most wounds ended in ______

·  ______ of time was spend in camp

·  Conditions were poor; either too muddy or too dry

·  Soldiers crammed into tents designed for far fewer, sometimes even forced to sleep on ground

·  Up early in the morning for breakfast, daily drills and chores

·  Ate well at first but supplies will dwindle

Life on the Home Front

North

·  March 1863, Union turns to the draft (______) to find more soldiers

·  The draft fueled the antiwar movement

·  Opposition to war was led by members of the Democratic Party in Congress, known as ______

·  Lincoln suspended ______ across entire country in September 1862

South

·  Few factories, little ability to manufacture needed goods

·  Food production dropped

·  Because of the blockade costs of everyday items ______

·  Confederate government printed huge sums of paper money

·  Borrowed money and sold bonds (______)

·  April 1862, Confederate Congress enacted the first military draft

Women in the Civil War

·  Several hundred disguised themselves as men and enlisted in the army

·  Few served as ______

·  Took over farms, plantations, stores, & other businesses while men served in armies

·  Worked as bankers and steamboat captains

·  Worked in ______ to make clothes, shoes, and other supplies

·  Formed societies to gather and send supplies to their armies

·  Began serving as ______ and tending to soldiers on the battlefields

NOTES-Chapter 11 Section 4: The War continues

Main Idea: Important fighting occurred in all sections of the country as well as at sea.

The Civil War at Sea

Blockade Runners

·  Slipping through, or “______” the Union blockade was pretty easy in the beginning

·  By the summer of 1862, however, more Union ships had been obtained and blockade became tighter

·  The South ______ on blockade runners, built for speed, to get past Union ships

The Monitor and the Merrimack

·  USS Merrimack was captured by Confederates, covered with thick iron plates and renamed the Virginia

·  Word reached the north who then rushed to make their own ironclad

·  March 9, 1862, the Monitor arrived off the coast of Virginia

·  The two ships fought for hours, neither able to do any serious damage, no clear winner, but changed the face of naval warfare, demonstrating the ability of ironclads to ______ cannon fire

The Battle of Chancellorsville

·  General Hooker leaves troops to distract Lee while moving other troops west and south to surprise the rebels from behind

·  Lee expected this and marched west leaving a few soldiers behind to it appear they remained

·  May 2, 1863-Jackson’s troops charged out of the woods at Hooker’s troops as they cooked dinner in their camps

·  Battle lasted 2 more days (17,000 Union casualties and 13,000 rebels)

·  Lee’s ______ and most brilliant victory, ______

·  Lee decides to ______ again

The Battle of Gettysburg

·  Lincoln replaced the indecisive Hooker with General George Meade

·  Three-day battle (July 1-4, 1863) in PA, ______ ever fought in N. America

·  Union defenses were broken through, but the 20th Maine made a heroic defense at Little Round Top

·  Lee ordered 15,000 fresh troops to attack the center; his commanding officers disagreed

·  Pickett’s Charge led to the death of over half his regiment

·  Lee ______ the next day

The Siege of Vicksburg

·  April 1863 Grant moves toward Vicksburg winning 5 battles in 17 days

·  In May, Grant began a siege to starve Vicksburg and 32,000 defenders as well as constant shelling on the city

·  July 4 the Confederate commander at Vicksburg ______ and his army of 31,000 troops

The Chattanooga Campaign

·  September 1863 the Battle of Chickamauga resulted in a Union campaign to capture Chattanooga (railroad center on GA-TN border)

·  By November 1863 Grant’s victories gave him the control and an important first step in Grant’s ______

NOTES-Chapter 11 Section 5: The final Phase

Main Idea: Southerners continued to hope for victory in 1864, but military and political events caused those hopes to fade.

Grant takes Command

·  President Lincoln believed he finally had a general who could crush the Confederates

·  March 1864, Lincoln brought Grant to Washington and gave him command of the Union armies

·  General William T. Sherman was given command of the western front

·  Election of 1864 was upon them

o  Lee does ______ the battles but make the cost of fighting so high that Lincoln would lose the election

o  Grant hoped to ______ (before the election)

·  Grant pushes toward Richmond to cut off supplies to Confederates, Lee was content to dig in and wait for the election

Sherman on the move

·  Sherman marched troops toward Atlanta, important southern manufacturing and transportation center

·  Sherman laid siege on Atlanta, shelling the city daily with his artillery, finally able to close the last railroad line forcing Confederate troops out of the city on September 1