Practice Guide Outline –for EVOLUTION
(Test and Quiz!)
Objective 1: Historical development of theory of evolution by natural selection (3.05a)
5) Francesco Redi performed an experiment in 1668. In the experiment, he placed rotting meat in two jars. The first jar was left open. After a few days, fly larvae were found on the decaying meat inside. The mouth of the second jar was covered with gauze. After a few days, the decaying meat inside was free of fly larvae, but larvae were found on the gauze. Summarize the conclusions the Redi made from his results. What theory was he proving?
6) The diagram below represents the experimental setup proposed by Miller and Urey for synthesizing early organic molecules.
a) What molecules were they able to create?
b) Why was this discovery/creation important for explaining the origin of life on Earth?
c) According to the diagram several gases were present in earth’s early atmosphere. What gas was NOT presnt? ______Before the existence of multicellular, aerobic organisms, what had to occur?
Objective 2: Origin and history of life on Earth (3.05b)
1) Describe characteristics of the first living cells on Earth. Use as many vocabulary terms as possible.
2) Scientists hypothesize that oxygen began to accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere after the appearance of living things with the ability to ______-
3) Explain the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells.
4) Describe conditions that were found on “Early Earth” before any life existed.
Objective 3: Evidence of Evolution (3.05c)
1. A geologist finds fossils in each of the undisturbed rock layers. The fossils are all structurally similar. What are some likely conclusions that the geologist would make?
2. What conclusions can you draw from the diagram below?
3. What conclusions can be drawn from the comparison of the embryos below?
4. What conclusions can be drawn from the biochemical comparison below?
5. Use the table below to answer the questions.
6. This chart compares the base sequences of homologous segments of DNA from three primates.
Based on this information, how many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences would you expect to find between:
a) gorillas and chimpanzees?______
b) gorillas and humans? ______
c) chimpanzees and humans? ______
What can you determine about the common ancestor for each of these species?
6. If two organisms have similar bone structures, what might that mean about their evolutionary history?
Objective 4: Mechanisms of Evolution (3.05d)
1. Define evolution.
2. How does natural selection cause change in a population?
3. A small group of lizards became separated from the main population following a natural disaster. The process that occurred is known as ______. Define geographic isolation: ______
4. Biologists surveyed four islands in a chain near a continent. They identified species found on the mainland and those species that were unique (different) to each island due to geographic isolation.
Based on these results,
a. which island is probably farthest from the mainland?______Explain why. ______
b. which island is probable closest to the mainland? ______Explain why. ______
5. Charles Darwin proposed that organisms produce many more offspring than can possible survive on the limited amount of resources available to them. According to Darwin, the offspring that are most likely to survive are those that ______
6. List some sources/causes of genetic variation within and among species.
7. Circle all the factors that provide the genetic basis for variation within a species.
a. Mutations Geographic isolation
b. Constant gene frequency Reproductive isolation
c. Changing gene frequency Competition
d. Asexual reproduction Protein synthesis
e. Sexual reproduction Adaptations
8. Throughout the history of life on Earth, many processes have resulted in new traits in organisms. Number the list below according to techniques that are the oldest, to those that are the most modern.
a. ____ gene manipulation (genetic engineering)
b. ____ natural selection
c. ____ selective breeding
9. A plant nursery only grew one type of tomato. All of their tomatoes died from the same disease.
a. Did the tomato plants have much genetic variation? ______Explain. ______
b. Why did they all die? ______
10. Most individuals of a certain species of bird have medium-length tails, but tail length ranges within the species from very short to very long. Consider the graphs to answer each question below.
11. Which graph below best illustrates the expected change in the finch population if the environment changes…
a. to favor medium sized beaks?______
b. to favor small sized beaks? ______
c. to favor small and large sized beaks? ______
Objective 5: Application (Pesticide and Antibiotic Resistance) (3.05e)
1. During the past decade, doctors have noted the appearance of several super bugs, which are bacteria that show multiple resistances to antibiotics. The development of these super bugs has been linked to the overuse of antibiotics. What is a logical explanation for the increase in the appearance of these super bugs?
2. Change in species is described as a process that usually occurs over long periods of time. Yet, even though antibiotics have only been widely used for fifty years, scientists recognize that overuse of antibiotics has led to antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. The reason this can occur in a relatively short span of time is that ______
3. A researcher wanted to test the effectiveness of a new antibiotic on Streptococcus pyogenes, the species of bacteria that causes strep throat. Bacteria were added to dish 1, dish 2, and dish 3. A disk soaked in the new antibiotic was then placed in dish 2. Dish 3 was set up as the control. The dishes are shown in the diagram below.
3. What is one appropriate hypothesis? ______
All three dishes were placed in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. The results for dish 1 are shown below.
Open Ended – Possible Questions:
1. Define co-evolution.
2. Give an example of co-evolution.
3. Explain how insects (pollinators) and flowers (angiosperms) have co-evolved together.
4. How do insects help flowers survive short term? Long term?
5. How do flowers help insects survive short term? Long term?