Module 4 Cloze Notes

Module 4 Cloze Notes

4.01First In Our Hearts

George Washington was a ______. He had fought with the British in the French and Indian War. Commander of the ______Army during the ______Revolution, during which time he offered to serve in the Continental Army______pay. Washington was brave and never asked his ______to do something he would not do. Many Americans thought that Washington would crown himself ______after defeating the British at the Battle of Yorktown, however, Washington believed the country needed a ______government and not a King.

In May 1787, delegates from all 13 states gathered in Philadelphia to discuss the Articles of Confederation at the ______. Virginia sent Washington to the Constitutional Convention as a ______. They elected him ______of the Constitutional Convention.Washington went on to become the country’s first President after the states ratified the Constitution.

As the first President of the United States, President Washington set several______or examples for future Presidents to follow. President Washington was careful to make sure the office of the president would conduct itself with appropriate ______and ______. He avoided any actions that hinted of royalty.Additional precedents established by President Washington include the creation of a ______(a group of advisors), ______term limitation, and the giving of an______and ______speech.

George Washington was a Federalist and believed in a strong ______government. President Washington recognized that the world was a dangerous place and he worked hard to reestablish a relationship with ______. Washington strongly supported the ______. This 1794 treaty helped begin a valuable ______relationship between the two countries. Although Washington sought a relationship with Britain, he was careful to avoid getting involved when ______broke out between Britain and France. The United States remained ______.

George Washington is perceived by many to have been an______President. He saw ______as a way to serve the nation and not as a way to profit or better his personal position. He felt that the government should serve the ______instead of the people serving the government like it had been under Britain.

4.02 A Worthy Successor

French pirates begin attacking American ships after US ______to repay loans. The US sends ______to ______. They are asked for a ______before meeting with the French Foreign Minister. This became known as the ______. President Adams works to avoid war, but he ______the size of the Army and Navy. The US and France fight a ______or unofficial war from 1791-1780 before signing a peace treaty.

The Alien & Sedition Act: limited freedom of ______and the rights of non-U.S. ______. Congress passed these laws to prevent criticism of the ______during times of crisis (unofficial war with France). Jefferson saw this as an attack on ______rights.

The Election of 1800: ______challenged John Adams and won. Foreign powers predicted the United States would crumble trying to transfer the presidency to a new political party. The ______transition of Thomas Jefferson to the White House proved the U.S. Constitution could survive great challenges.

______is respecting a variety of opinions, ______, and religious beliefs. Adams ______accepted his re-election defeat.

Individual Rights: Individual rights include protection of ______, ______, and ______. Adams built US Naval ships to protect American ______.

Patriotism: Patriotism is ______to one’s country. Adams protected the new nation form war with ______.

______means something is beneficial to the ______group, not just one person. Adams increased the US military for defense.

Truth: Truth is an obligation to seek ______in oneself and others. Adams engages in debate with ______over many years of letters.

Justice: Justice is ______treatment through law. Though Adams signed the Alien and Sedition Acts, he never actively ______them.

______is arguing a point based on fact and respecting others’ ______. Adams used ______to end the Quasi-War.

4.03 American Voices

Between 1763 and 1815, most of the population was made up of indentured servants, slaves, women, children, and the working class. Most ______between 1763 and 1815 lived in ______, where the demand for skilled labor was much______. Policies were written mainly by ______, ______landowners. The other groups of people did not have any power and most did not have ______rights.

Children. Few attended schools;______limited to upper class; some were separated from parents for ______; helped on family farm; could not ______; had few, if any, rights

Women. No ______right to home or children (limited if any rights); only those with family and ______likely able to maintain home after loss of ______; choice of husband considered most ______event in life; could not vote; few could ______or ______

Working Class. Work and ______determined by the boss; though most were ______and skilled in a craft, no______rights since they did not own land; usually lived in cities, especially near ______ports; could not vote; few could read or write; had few, if any, rights

Indentured Servants. ______replaced this system; worked for free to pay off ______across ocean; set time period of ______; could not vote; few could read or write; had few, if any, rights

Slaves. Rise of ______as main crop lessened likelihood of freedom; lived in fear, even if able to gain______(How can you prove you’re free?); most could not ______lifelong servitude; families often divided because they were more valuable ______as individuals than as a ______; could not vote; few could read or write; no rights

Florida Time Line

1763–1783: British territory

Florida struggled during this period as the British could not ______people to the territory.

1783: Treaty of Paris

The British gave Florida back to the ______after the American Revolution.

______Florida struggled during this period as more Americans settled in ______than Spaniards.

1817–1818: First Seminole War

Population of ______Florida included ______slaves and ______who fought against the Americans in the War of 1812.

The United States invaded Florida in 1818 to gain ______and find ______.

The ______(the term means “runaway”) fought back as the U.S. took their land and enslaved their people. Native Americans in Florida had been struggling to hold onto their land since 1763.

4.04Jefferson Brings Change

The Supreme Court Rules, Washington, D.C..In the final days of his presidency, ______approved a law for 16 new federal ______. Thomas Jefferson and ______repealed this Judiciary Act of 1801 when he took office. Secretary of State ______did not deliver the appointment notices to the judges. William Marbury, one of the new ______, fought back against losing his new job. He argued that, by ______, Madison must deliver his notice and that Jefferson must allow him to take his position. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Marbury had the right to his______but that the court could not force Jefferson or Congress to give it to him. The Supreme Court ruled the Judiciary Act of 1801 ______. This was the first time the Supreme Court declared that a law passed by Congress______the U.S. Constitution. Marbury v. Madison established the concept of judicial review.

Shipwrecked Pieces of Eight, Gulf of Mexico

In 1784, almost 20 years before Jefferson became president, the ______sank in the Gulf of Mexico. The ship, loaded with Spanish ______and treasure, was sent to New Orleans to help Spain’s poor and ______there. Spain was never able to revive its territory that stretched from the______River to the Rocky Mountains.Giving up, Spain ceded the ______Territory to France in 1800. The wreck helped make it possible for the United States to purchase Louisiana Territory in 1803. The U.S. ______design was based on the Spanish ______, also known as a “piece of eight” and famous in pirate myth. The shipwreck was not found until 1993.

Rebellion in Haiti

______valued Louisiana Territory, especially New Orleans, only as long as ______controlled Haiti. The French called Haiti "Saint-Domingue" and the Spanish called it "Santo Domingo." ______was fighting French rule. There were ______slaves for every one French plantation owner in Haiti. They united in a violent struggle for independence. ______was a former slave who became a leader as the rebellion grew. The Haitians ______him. The French ______L'Ouverture to come to a meeting where he was ______and taken to prison. He suffered and died there.However, Bonaparte was busy fighting the______and could not send enough troops or supplies to stop the whole rebellion.Frustrated, he was ready to give up on Haiti by early 1803. Haiti was the first nation to win______through a slave revolt.

The United States Doubles, area of Louisiana Purchase

When ______ceded the Louisiana Territory to France, the French cut off U.S. access to______. President Jefferson hoped to purchase New Orleans from______. The first offers were refused. However, in 1803, Bonaparte was preparing to attack Britain and failing to control Haiti. He no longer saw ______in the Louisiana Territory. When Jefferson sent ______to make a new offer, Bonaparte was ready to sell all of the Louisiana Territory for a mere ______. The deal ______the size of the United States. Some Americans thought the buy was ______. The U.S. Constitution does not specify that the nation may ______land. However, Jefferson defended the deal through ______saying it gave him authority, with Senate approval, to make treaties with other nations.

Real Pirates, Barbary Coast, North Africa

The Barbary pirates ruled the waters of the ______Sea for centuries, attacking European ships and coastal cities. When U.S. ships began to ______in the area, the pirates attacked them, too. They captured American ______. President Jefferson sent the U.S. Navy and Marines to fight the piratesand______American shipping. The United States ______the Barbary pirates. The First Barbary war did not ______the balance of power between the United States and foreign nations, however it did ______a greater U.S. involvement in international affairs.

Embargo, northern Atlantic waters

Pirates were not the only U.S. shipping problem. With______and Great Britain at war with each other, U.S. ships and goods were sometimes______. U.S. sailors were ______and forced to serve in the British Navy. ______enraged Americans. In 1807, President Jefferson authorized the ______Act. ______with foreign countries ended. Jefferson wished to______France and Great Britain to accept the United States as neutral in their______and allow the trade. Though the embargo had little impact on those nations, it ______the U.S. economy. Americans were unable to sell their goods or purchase needed foreign products.

Burr Dishonored, near Weehawken, N.J.

Aaron Burr was the vice president during ______first term. A person’s ______was important to men in Burr’s time. When he believed ______challenged his honor, Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a ______. Duels, though ______, were a way for men to reclaim honor. Hamilton died because of that duel, and Burr fled. A few years later, a ______spread that he was trying to set up his own kingdom in the West. The United States charged him with ______, but there was little evidence to support the charge. The Supreme Court acquitted Burr, but his ______career was ruined.

4.05 Heroes of the Wild

Many historians believe that President Thomas Jefferson’s greatest ______was the Louisiana Purchase. He made plans for an______to explore the land even before the purchase. Making friendly contact with ______and finding a ______to the ______were important goals to Jefferson. In the spring of 1804, he sent ______more than 30 other men to learn everything they could about this land.

Meriwether Lewis spent ______studying the notes of others who had seen portions of the ______. He convinced his friend ______to join the group. Clark had ______experience and a keen eye for geography. He was also an accomplished ______. Clark recruited many soldiers for the expedition. ______was the group's name.

Their mission from President Jefferson was to:map a new route to the ______Ocean; collect ______for study; meet and give ______to the Native Americans; take ______on activity during the journey

The Lewis and Clark expedition gave Americans plenty of ______about lands to the west. Their journey continues to ______Americans today. Some enjoy ______the journey by camping along spots on the trail.

______is the work of creating maps.______made many maps of the territory the Corps explored. There was no satellite imagery available to Clark—only his ______. His maps amaze us today with their ______and detail, considering he relied so much on his ______to determine how the area looked from the sky.

4.06 We Will No Fall

Causes of the War of 1812

______did not respect the United States. The British often kidnapped or ______U.S. sailors for service in the British navy. The British seized American ship cargo and prevented fishing near ______. The British still had ______posted in the ______reaches of the United States. These soldiers ______Native Americans to attack American settlers. ______was a Shawnee chief friendly to the British. He ______Native American tribes to fight the spread of U.S. settlement. Tecumseh considered the United States an______.

The War of 1812 ______the United States. The people in the ______and ______did not want war. They depended on trade with Great Britain despite the problems. They worried that the British military was far more ______and the United States was not ready for war. The ______and ______favored war with Britain. The pressure to go to war came mainly from a group of Congressmen known as the ______. The ______called for war because they believed that British ______with American ships hurt the economy and the reputation of the United States.The War Hawks were mainly from the______frontier and the south. The War Hawks saw war as a way to stop British ______, but to also ______territory (Canada).

Major Events Form the War of 1812

Summer 1812, British blockade: Great Britain posted______along the U.S. coast, cutting off ______.

August 1812, Detroit fails: The United States’ first strategy was to ______Canada, with terrible consequences. Early battles, like at ______, were failures. The British took many U.S. soldiers as prisoners.

September 10, 1813, Battle of Lake Erie: Under Commodore ______, the United States won its first battle in Lake ______. The British left the area, including Fort Detroit.

October 5, 1813, Battle of the Thames: Under General William Henry Harrison, the United States won a battle at Canada’s ______River. ______died in his second armed conflict against Harrison. His death marked the ______of united Native American ______in the Northern United States.

Summer 1814, Niagara campaign: In spring 1814, the British defeated ______in Europe and were ______to focus on the war with the United States. The British______was to attack three main areas—______. U.S. soldiers fought back successfully at ______stopping British forces there and at Lake Champlain.

August 24, 1814, Washington, D.C. burns: The British sailed into ______Bay and met untrained U.S. soldiers guarding Washington, D.C. The ______and the ______were set on fire. President Madison and his wife, Dolley, fled the burning mansion, ______several national treasures. The British then continued north toward Baltimore.

September 13, 1814, Fort McHenry resists: ______guarded ______, and the British began shelling the fort from two miles offshore. American cannonballs fell into the bay but 1,000 Americans were able to hold the fort. Despite an______of more than 1,500 cannonballs, American soldiers raised the U.S. flag over Fort McHenry early on September 14. From the ______where the British held him during the battle,______spotted the flag that inspired his now-famous ______.

January 8, 1815, New Orleans attack: General ______led an army that included ______to New Orleans. There he fought the battle that made him a national hero. U.S. forces stopped the British from reaching their goal. However, this battle had no effect on the war’s ______. Peace talks had begun between the United States and Great Britain ______before.

Out Come of the War of 1812

By the end of ______, Great Britain’s leaders did not feel the war was worth the cost.The United States and Great Britain signed the ______, which only returned the nations to ______conditions. The treaty addressed ______of the issues that caused the war. However, the nations did agree to have further talks.