Electronic Supplementary Material A

Electronic supplementary material A

Table 3

Characteristics of included studies

Author (Year) / Type of treatment (N/N)[i](group/individual) (involvement of caretakers) / Total hours of inter-vention / Control condition (N/N)[ii]
(group/individual) (involvement of caretakers) / Trauma type / Average age / % Female patients / Follow-up period (months) / Outcome variable (measures) / GGK quality score (x/20)
Catani et al. (2009) / KIDNET/ CBT(16/16)
(individual) / 7.5 / Meditation-relaxation (15/15)
(individual) / nature / n.a. / k.A. / 6 / PTSD (UCLA-PTSD-DSM IV (UPID)-RI / 17
Cats Consortium (2010) / CBT(239/224)
(individual) / 16 Sessions / - / accident / 11.6 / 57 / 3 / PTSD (UCLA-PTSD-RI) / 9
Chemtob, Nakashima, & Hamada (2002) / EMDR (17/17)
(individual) / n.a. / WL (15/15) / nature / 8.4 / 68.75 / 6 / PTSD (CRI) / 14
Cohen & Mannarino(1997) / CBT (63/20)
(individual)(involvement of caretakers, 55.6% parents only) / 18 / TAU: Supportive, unstructured psychotherapy (15/8) / CSA / 5.9 / 56 / 6 / (PTSD) WBR / 14
Cohen et al. (2004) / TF-CBT (114/78)
(individual)(involvement of caretakers 8.3%, 45.8% parents only) / 7.85 / Child Centered Therapy (115/73)(individual)(involvement of caretakers) / CSA / 10.76 / 79 / 6 / PTSD (K-SADS) / 13
Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen (2005)
(ITT) / TF-CBT (41/30)
(individual)(involvement of caretakers, 50% parents only) / 9 / TAU: Nondirective supportive therapy (41/19)(individual) / CSA / n.a. / 68.29 / 6 / PTSD (TSC-C) / 18
Danielson et al. (2010) / Risk Reduction through Family Therapy (RRFT)/ CBT (10/9)(individual)(involvement of caretakers) / 30 / - / CSA / 15.0 / 100 / 3 / PTSD (UCLA-PTSD Index) / 13
Danielson et al. (2012)
(ITT) / Risk Reduction Through Family Therapy/ CBT (15/15) (individual)(involvement of caretakers) / 28.75 / TAU[1] (15/15) / CSA / 14.8 / 88 / 3 / PTSD (UCLA PTSD-A, UCLA-PTSD-P) / 17
Deblinger, Lippman, & Steer (1996) / CBT (25/22)
(individual)(involvement of caretaker, 50% parent only) / 9 / Standard community care/Psychoeducation (25/22) / CSA / 9.84 / 83 / 3 / PTSD (K-SADS) / 13
Deblinger, Stauffer, & Steer (2001) / CBT (/21)[2]
(group) (involvement of caretakers 6.3%, 43.8% parents only) / 16 / Supportive therapy (/23)8(group) / CSA / 5.45 / 39 / 3 / PTSD (K-SADS- PTSD) / 15
DeRoos et al. (2011)
(ITT) / CBT (26/18)(individual)(involvement of caretakers, 50% parents only) / - / accident / n.a.
4-18 / 44.23 / 3 / PTSD (PTSD-RI) / 17
Ellis (2013) / Program (15/8) (Trauma systems therapy)(individual) / n.a. / - / war / 13 / 36.70 / 12 / PTSD (PTSD-RI) / 17
Ertl et al. (2011)
(ITT) / KIDNET/ CBT (29/28) (individual) / 14 / Academic catch up group (28/27) (group) / war / Exp: 18.66 CG: 18.32 / Exp: 55.2CG:67.9 / 6 / PTSD (CAPS-CA) / 17
Farkas et al.(2010) / EMDR (33/19)(individual) / 18 / WL (32/21) / mixed / Exp: 14.3 CG: 14.9 Range
13-17 / 62.5 / 3 / PTSD (DISC) / 15
Foa et al. (2013)
(ITT) / Prolonged exposure therapy/ CBT (31/31)
(individual) / 17.5 / Supportive counseling: Active CG (30/30)(individual) / CSA / 15.30 / 100 / 12 / PTSD (CPSS-I, CPSS-SR) / 8
Giannopoulou, Dikaiakou, & Yule (2006) / CBT
(20/15)
(group) (involvement of caretakers, 25% parents only) / 12 / - / nature / 9.6 / 55 / 18 / PTSD (CRIES) / 12
Gordon et al. (2004) / School program /mind based (41/41), (47/47), (51/51)[3]
(group) / 18 / - / war / 12-19 / 46 / 15/9 / PTSD (PTSD-RI) / 8
Gordon et al. (2008) / School program /mind based (38/38)
(group) / 24 / WL (40/39) / war / 16.3 / 75.60 / 3 / PTSD (HTQ) / 13
Gilboa-Schechtman et al. (2010)
(ITT) / Prolonged Exposure Therapy /CBT (19/15)
(individual) / 16.8 / Time limited dynamic therapy(19/15)
(individual) / mixed / 16.9 / 63 / 6 / PTSD (K-SADS-PL, CPSS) / 17
Goenjian et al. (1997) / School based Mental Health Intervention Program/ CBT (35/35)[4] (group and individual) / 4 / No treatment (29/27) / nature / 13.2 / 56.76 / 60[5] / PTSD (PTSD-RI) / 8
Habigzang, Damasio, & Koller (2013) / CBT (49/35)
(group) / 24 / - / CSA / 11.43 / 100 / 6 / PTSD (CSS, PTSD-Interview DSM-IV/SCID) / 10
Hsu (2003) / Psychoeducation (33/25)
(group) (involvement of caretakers 0% both, 50% parents only) / 18 / - / CSA / 12 / 75.40 / 3 / PTSD (CITES-R) / 9
Jarero et al. (2008) / EMDR (16/16)
(group) / n.a. / - / accident / n.a.
6-12 / 31.25 / 3 / PTSD (CRTES) / 11
Jaycox et al. (2009) / CBITS/ CBT (78/33)
(group) / 7.5 / WL (37) [6] / CPA / 11.5 / 51.32 / 24 / PTSD (CPSS) / 15
King et al. (2000) / CBT (12/12)
(individual) / 16.66 / WL (12/12) / CSA / 11.5 / 69.44 / 3 / PTSD (PTSD Section ADIS-C) / 14
King et al. (2000) / CBT (12/12)
(individual)
(involvement of caretakers, 50% parents only) / 16.66 / WL (12/12) / CSA / 11.5 / 69.44 / 3 / PTSD (PTSD Section ADIS-C) / 14
Layne et al. (2008) / School program/ CBT (66/36)
(group) / 21.25 / Active CG (61/30)
(group) / war / 15.9-16.0 / 63-66% / 4 / PTSD (UCLA) / 13
Matulis et al. (2013)
(ITT) / CPT/ CBT (12/10)
(individual)
(involvement of caretakers) / 25.25 / - / CSA / 18.08 / 83.33 / 1.5 / PTSD (CAPS-CA) / 11
McClatchey, Vonk, & Palardy (2009) / Psychosocial (30/30)
(group)
(Involvement of caretakers) / n.a. / WL (42/42) / loss / n.a. 6-16 / 52 / 1 / PTSD (UCLA) / 8
Nixon, Sterk, & Pearce (2012) / Cognitive Therapy without exposure/ CBT (mixed) (16/10) (individual) (involvement of caretakers, 33% parents only) / 13.5 / - / mixed / 10.82 / 36.33 / 6 / PTSD (CAPS-CA) / 18
Overbeek et al. (2013) / Community based intervention program (85/61)
(group) (involvement of caretakers 0% both, 50% parents only) / 13.5 / Active CG (42/27)
(group) (involvement of caretakers 0% both, 50% parents only) / mixed / 9.22 / 44.50 / 1.5 / PTSD (TSCCchild) / 16
Pityarastian et al. (2014) / CBT (18/18)
(group) / 10.5 / WL (18/18) / nature / 12.25 / 72.2 / 1 / PTSD (CRIES, PTSD-RI) / 6
Qouta et al. (2012) / Psychosocial (242/207)
(group) / 16 / WL (240/197) / war / 11.29 / 49.40 / 6 / PTSD (CRIES) / 15
Ribchester, Yule, & Duncan (2010)
(ITT) / EMDR (11/10)
(individual) / 2.4 / - / accident / 11.90 / 45.45 / 2 / PTSD (CRIES) / 7
Ronan & Johnston (1999) / CBT(49/49) (group) / 1 / Video based exposure and Normalizing Condition/ CBT (43/43) (group) / nature / 10.5 / 53.98 / 4 / PTSD (UCLA-PTSD-RI) / 10
Rosenberg et al. (2011) / CBT for PTSD in Adolescents Program/ CBT (12/9)
(individual) (involvement of caretakers) / 14 / - / mixed / 16 / 69.23 / 3 / PTSD (CPSS) / 10
Sakai, Oas, & Connolly (2010) / Thought Field Therapy/ CBT
(50/50)
(individual) / 1 / - / war / n.a.
13-18 / 46 / 3 / PTSD (PROPS, CROPS) / 9
Salloum & Overstreet (2012) / Grief and Trauma Intervention/ CBT (34/34)
(group & individual) (involvement of caretakers 0% both, 8% only parents) / 11 / - / mixed / 9.6 / 44.30 / 3 / PTSD (UCLA) / 16
Salloum (2008) / Psychosocial (89/23)
(group) / n.a. / - / loss / 8.83 / 52 / .75 / PTSD (CPTSRI) / 10
Scheeringa & Weems (2014) / CBT+Placebo
(28/18)
(individual)
(Involvement of caretakers, 50% both) / 12 / - / mixed / 12.6 / 46 / 12 / PTSD (CPSS) / 17
Soberman (1999) / EMDR (14/12)
(individual) / 1.5 / TAU (15/9)
(individual) / CPA / 13.34 (1.63)/
10-16 / 0 / 2 / PTSD (IES) / 13
Springer, Misurell, & Hiller (2012) / Game-based CBT (123/8)
(group) / 18 / - / CSA / 7.93 / 61.96 / 3 / PTSD (TSCC) / 8
Staples, Atti, & Gordon (2011) / Body-Mind Skills Group (129/87)
(group) / 20 / - / war / 13.30 / 37 / 7 / PTSD (CPSS) / 10
TaussigCulhane (2010) / Psychosocial (79/76)
(group & individual) / 45 / No treatment (77/68) / mixed / 10.40 / 49.36 / 6 / PTSD (TSCC) / 8
Tol et al. (2008) / Psychosocial (182/182)
(group) / n.a. / WL (221/221) / war / 9.94 / 48.6 / 6 / PTSD (CPSS) / 10
Trowell et al. (2002) / Psychoanalysis (28/28)
(individual)
(involvement of caretakers 33.33% parents only) / 25 / - / CSA / 10 / 100 / 24 / PTSD (Orvaschel) / 10
Wolmer, Laor, & Yazgan (2003) / School program (202/67)
(group) / 16 / - / nature / 8.20 / 56 / 36 / PTSD (CPTSD-RI) / 16
Zehnder, Meuli, & Landolt (2010) / Debriefing (49/49)
(individual)
(involvement of caretakers 100% both, 0% parents only) / .5 / TAU (50/50)
(individual) / accident / 11.8 (2.6), (TAU: 11.3 (2.8)) / 41.41 / 6 / PTSD (IBS-KJ) / 9

Note.CG = Control Group; Diss = dissertation; GGK quality score = Glombiewski–Gutermann–Koenig quality score (range: 0–20 points with a low value indicating poor study quality); CSA = childhood sexual abuse; CPA = childhood physical abuse; nature = natural disaster; ADIS-C = Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV child version; Silverman &Albano, 1996; CAPS-CA = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; Blake, Weathers, Nagy et al., 1995; CBT = Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; CITESmodified = Combination of Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scales and CITES-R, language modified by Coulter, 1996; CITES-R = Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scales—Revised; Wolfe, Gentile, Michienzi, Sas, & Wolfe, 1991; CPSS = Child PTSD Symptom Scale; Foa, Johnson, Feeny, & Treadwell, 2001; CPSS-I = Child PTSD Symptom Scale–Interview; Foa, Johnson, Feeny, Treadwell, 2001; CPSS-SR = Child PTSD SymptomScale–Self-Report; Foa, Johnson, Feeny, Treadwell, 2001; CPTS-RI = Child Post-Traumatic Stress – Reaction Index; Frederick, Pynoos & Nader, 1992; CPTSRI = Childhood Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index; Pynoos et al., 1987; CPTSD-I = Children's PTSD Inventory; Saigh et al., 2000; CRI = Child Reaction Index; Pynoos et al., 1987; CRIES = Child Revised Impact of Event Scale; Dyregrov & Yule, 1995; CROPS = Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms; Greenwald & Rubin, 1999; CRTES = Child´s Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale; Jones, Fletcher & Ribbe, 2002; DISC = Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; Shaffer, Fisher, Lucas, Dulcan, & Schwab-Stone, 2000; HTQ = Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; Mollica, Caspi-Yavin & Bollini, 1992; IBS-KJ = Interviews zu Belastungsstörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen; Steil & Füchsel, 2005; IES = Impact of Event Scale; Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979; IES-R = Impact of Event Scale - Revised; Weiss & Marmar, 1997; K-SADS-PL = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children-Present and Lifetime Version; Kaufman et al., 1996; Orvaschel = Orvaschels PTSD Scale; Orvaschel, 1989; PROPS = Parent Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms; Greenwald & Rubin, 1999; SCID-I = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders; First et al., 1997; TAU = treatment as usual; TSCC = Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children; Briere, 1996; UCLA-PTSD = University of California Los Angeles PTSD Reaction Index; Rodriguez, Steinberg & Pynoos, 1999; WBR = The Weekly Behavior Report; Cohen, & Mannarino, 1996;WL = WL.

Meta- analysis of the long-term treatment effects of psychological interventions in youth with PTSD symptoms, Gutermann, J., Schwartzkopff, L., Steil, R., Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,

[1] different interventions were applied

[2] number of patients who began treatment is inconclusive

[3] The study was documented three times (asuncontrolled) because there was no total value for the three groups. The treatmentwasthe same for allgroups.

[4]Overestimation of theeffects because nodropoutswere stated for pre/posttreatment of PTSD

[5] Follow-up Data: Goenjian et al. (2005)

[6] inconclusive data

[i] N/N = number of patients who began/completed follow-up in the treatment condition

[ii] N/N = number of patients who began/completed follow-up in the control condition