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高一英语下册第三单元教案2
The grammar items in this unit deal with object complements, either ... or ... and neither... nor ..., and subject-verb agreement. We’ll learn what an object complement is, the basic pattern in which it always occurs and what can be used as an object complement. As for the phrases either ...or... and neither ... nor ..., you are expected to use either ... or ... as one of the sentence elements to express the idea of alternatives, and neither ... nor ... to join two negative ideas together. Subject-verb agreement explains some rules of using correct singular or plural verbs after the subject.
Step 1: Object Complement
1. Let’s read Parts 1-5 on page 48. Try to understand each point and read the information in the tip box.
1) The object complement gives more information about the object.
They called the young man Great Hero .
object object complement
2) An object complement always occurs in this pattern: verb + object + object complement. The object complement can often be a noun phrase or an adjective.
e.g. They madeWu Tong monitor of their class.
You must keepthe roomclean all the time.
3) Sometimes a to-infinitive or bare infinitive can be an object complement.
e.g. I’d like all of you to work still harder.
Will you let us play ball games after we finish our exercises?
4) An object complement can be a prepositional phrase.
e.g. If you keep the new dress in hot water, the colors will run.
5) An object complement can also be a present participle phrase or a past participle phrase.
e.g. The most exciting thing for the old man was to watch the children playing in the garden.
They told me to have my car repaired as soon as possible.
6) An object complement usually agrees with the object in number.
After that people called the boy a little hero.
2. Please go through Lost civilizations again and find as many sentences with an object complement as you can.
For example,
Sven found the remains of buildings buried under the sand, together with a lot of treasures, such as coins, painted pots, silk materials, documents and wall paintings.
(remains of buildings is the object, and buried under the sand is the object complement, which gives information about the situation of the object.)
We found the ruins most interesting.
(the ruins is the object, and interesting is the object complement, which gives information about the object.)
3. Now let’s read the next excerpt from Ann's diary entry on page 48 and use proper object complements to complete it. Try to understand what these phrases in the box mean.
4. Please do C1 on page 108 in your Workbook to practise what you have learnt in this part.
Step 2: Either ... or ... and neither ... nor ...
Here we will learn how to use either ...or ... and neither …nor ... And we will practise using the two phrases in an exercise.
1) Suppose we have one ticket for the concert on Sunday; both my friends, David and Helen, want to go. So, either David or Helen can have the ticket. They quarrelled with each other over the ticket. Finally, I decided that neither David nor Helen should have the ticket. We will all stay at home on Sunday and watch the concert on TV instead.
(either ... or ... is used to express the idea of alternatives; neither ... nor ... can be used to join two negative ideas together, the opposite of which is both ... and ...)
2) Let’s go over Part 1 on page 49. First read the sentences carefully and pay attention to the function of either ... or ... You’ve got to understand the instructions and sentences in this part and pay attention that either ... or... can connect the coordinate subject, verb, object and adverbial in sentences.
3) Let’s read the sentences in Part 2 on page 49 carefully and point out the sentence element of neither ... nor ... in each sentence.
4) Read the example and the exercise on page 49 carefully. If you can find out how to rewrite the highlighted sentences, you can work in pairs to do the rest of the exercise. I would like to see whether you fully understand Points 1 and 2.
Step 2: Subject-verb agreement
1. Subject-verb agreement means choosing the correct singular or plural verb after the subject in a sentence. Here are some points to help us decide if the verb is singular or plural. I will show you some sentences as follows. Please decide which verb form can be used to fill in the blanks in each sentence.
1) ______(have) your classmates finished their homework? (Have)
2) My friend and I______( want) to play outside after watching TV. (want)
3) Most of the students (prefer) English to mathematics. (prefer)
4) ______(have) all of the cake been eaten up? (Has)
5) Collecting stamps (be) one of his favourite pastimes. (is)
6) ______(be) your family a big one? (Is)
7) All my family (get) up early in the morning. (get)
8) Neither his father nor his mother______(play) the piano. (plays)
9) The remains of the old castle______(be) destroyed in World War II. (were)
10) Not only Jim but also his parents______(be) going to see you next Sunday. (are)
11) Not only Jim's parents but also Jim______(be) going to see you next Sunday. (is)
2. Read Part A on page 51. It is another of Ann's diary entries. Read the article and choose the correct verb forms. Then go through Part B on page51. It is a letter in a local newspaper. Read the letter and finish the exercise individually, using the correct forms of the given verbs.
Resources
Object Complement
1. The following verbs are often followed by an object and a noun or a noun phrase as an object complement:
name, call, choose, elect, make…
e.g. We elected John chairman of our club after the former one retired.
When we were working on the farm, we all call Iron Ox.
2. The following verbs are often followed by an object and an adjective as an object complement:
make, get, keep, find, consider, …
e.g. Though he did not mean to hurt her, yet his joke did make her angry.
After many years of hard work, he found it impossible to carry on with his experiments.
3. The following verbs are often followed by a to-infinitive as an object complement:
ask, tell, beg, invite, order, advise, warn, want, get, wish, expect, persuade, allow, permit, forbid, help,…
e.g. She asked me to answer the question at once.
The teacher did not allow us to talk to each other in class.
4. The following verbs are often followed by a bare infinitive as an object complement:
have, make, let, help, see, hear, watch, notice, find, observe, look at, listen to
e.g. In that factory, the boss always has his workers work more than fifteen hours a day.
I heard him say so.
5. The following verbs are often followed by a present participle as an object complement:
have, keep, get, feel, see, hear, watch, find, notice, observe,…
e.g. I had them all laughing at my jokes.
I can hear someone knocking.
6. The following verbs are often followed by a past participle as an object complement:
have, make, get, see feel, hear, watch, find,
e.g. When you speak English you should try your best to make yourself understood.
I was surprised to find my room thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.
either…or…, neither…nor…
You must pay attention that either ... or..., neither…nor… can connect the coordinate subject, verb, object and adverbial in sentences.
1. Connecting the coordinate subjects
Either your mother or your father, or both your parents can come with you.
Either Tim or his brothers have to water the trees every other day.
Neither your aunt nor I have any other thought but what is the best for you?
Neither his daughter nor his son would listen to his suggestions.
2. Connecting the coordinate objects:
At school we may have either rice or noodles for supper every day.
You may choose either physics or chemistry as your major.
They have neither steam heat nor running water.
I won’t take a trip for I have neither the time nor money.
3. Connecting the coordinate predicates or predicatives:
“Either go to the concert or stay at home. Don’t go anywhere else,” father shouted.
The books there are either books on travel or detective novels.
That is neither my fault nor his.
He was neither clever nor stupid, but good enough at his work.
One third of the men could neither read nor write.
4. Connecting the coordinate adverbials or attributes:
We are going to return to our hometown either today or tomorrow.
You may take either the blue or the green one.
The two men walked very fast, looking neither to the right nor to the left.
Paul came at the right time, neither too early nor too late.
5. Connecting the coordinate clauses:
Either you must improve your work, or I will dismiss you.
Either you cut it out, or we shall have to wash our hands of the whole business.
For reference AgreementI got a hold of some bad pork chops the other day, and they didn't agree with me.
Stomach aches aren't very pleasant. Don't you agree?
We all know these meanings of "agree," but when we talk about subject-verb agreement, we're talking about something different: matching subjects and verbs according to number. That is, when you have a singular subject, you have to match it with a singular verb form: The boy plays. The number of students in our school is 1,700. When you have a plural subject, you must have a plural verb form: The boys play. Mary and Kelly look alike.
In short, with simple sentences, you should have no problem with agreement. You know where the problem lies in the sentence: The boys plays. When it's wrong , it just sounds funny. However, there are four potential problem spots that you need to watch carefully:
●stuff in between the subject and verb
●reversed sentence order
●"-body," "-one," and "-thing" words
●"who," "which," and "that"
Stuff in between subjects and verbs
The stuff here is usually a prepositional phrase that separates the subject from the verb. Remember how we crossed out prepositional phrases in order to find the subject? Do the same thing if you're having problems with agreement. Now, look at the following sentence and decide what's wrong with it:The dishes in the kitchen is dirty.
Good guess! The subject and the verb don't agree. What's the probable cause for the problem? Kitchen (a singular noun) is right in front of is (a singular verb). If kitchen were the subject, that would be okay. But, it's not. Cross out the prepositional phrase and you're left with:
The dishes in the kitchen is dirty.
"The dishes . . . is dirty?" sounds wrong, doesn't it? The subject is plural, but the verb is singular. They don't agree. The correct version is:
The dishes in the kitchen are dirty.
Once you know how to look for this problem, it shouldn't be too hard to get rid of it when you proofread your paper.
Reversed sentence order
The normal pattern for English sentences is subject-verb. However, there are a few situations where this order is reversed (like this sentence):●There are snacks on the laundry-room table.
●Where are they?
●On the table are the goodies!
See how the subject comes after the verb in each of these? If you can remember how to locate subjects and verbs, you shouldn't blunder into mistakes when writing reversed-order sentences.
"-body," "-one," and "-thing" words
The correct term for these words is indefinite pronouns, but if you remember them as "-body," "-one," and "-thing" words, you'll probably be able to spot them more easily. You only need to know one thing: if a word has one of these endings (like everybody, everyone, anyone, anything, etc.), it is always singular! You can also include each, either, and neither in this group. Look at the following:- Everyone is going on a picnic.
- Each of the boys is taking his own lunch.
- If anyone drops something to eat, I'll grab it before he can pick it up.
NOTE: We said that either and neither are always singular; however, if you have two subjects in an either . . . or or neither . . . nor construction, getting the agreement right may give you fits. To get it right, just locate the subject closest to the verb and make the verb agree with it:
●Either the mailman or the construction workers are causing Peggy to bark like crazy.
●Neither the dogs down the street nor the one next door pays any attention.
Compare this with the following:
●Either the construction workers or the mailman is causing Peggy to bark like crazy.
●Neither the one next door nor the dogs down the street pay any attention.
Agreement, in this case, depends on the placement of the subject.
"Who," "which," and "that"
Remember dependent clauses? They have a subject and a verb, but they can't stand alone. That's what we're dealing with here, but with a little something extra. Now we've got to consider pronouns. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun that comes before it, usually in the same clause or one very close to it.
Peggy is a troublemaker. She bites my ears and steals my food.
"Who," "which," and "that" are pronouns. When they take the place of a singular noun, they are singular; when they take the place of a plural noun, they are plural. This is important to remember when they are the subject of a clause. Compare the following sentences:
- Big Dog is one of those animals who are very intelligent.
- Big Dog is an animal who is very intelligent.
This may seem a bit confusing at first, but there's a way to get it right every time. If you find "who," "which," or "that" introducing a dependent clause (like in the examples above):
- Look at the word right in front of it (usually that's the word it takes the place of).
- Decide if the word is singular or plural (that will tell you whether "who," "which," or "that" is singular or plural).
- Make the verb agree!
Something More about Agreement
主谓一致应注意的若干问题
1．名词作主语。
1）某些集体名词如family,team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。
The crowd were runing for their lives.
My family is going out for a trip.
The whole family are watching TV.
这类词常有audience, class, club, committee, company, crew, crowd, enemy, government, group, party, public, team等。
Population和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。
2）某些集体名词如people, police, cattle, oxen谓语动词用复数。
3）单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。
A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there.
4）名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。My uncle’s is not far from here.
常见的省略名词有the baker’s, the barbar’s, the Zhang’s等。
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：
Richardson’s have a lot of old goods to sell.
5）当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。
Thirty years has passed.
Five minutes is enough to finish the task.
6）不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Each boy and each girl in my class has a dictionary.
7）如果主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成，尽管从意义上
看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词用单数形式。
More than one student has seen the play.
Many a boy has bought that kind of toy.
但是，“more + 复数名词+ than one”结构之后，谓语用复数。
8）一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of, a pair of, a series of等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
9）this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语动词；短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of
men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如：
This kind of men is dangerous.
Men of this kind/sort are dangerous.
10）复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means, works, species(种类), Chinese, Japanese等。当它们的前面有a, such a, this, that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all、such、these、those修饰时，谓语用复数。
11）如果名词词组中心词是all, most, half, rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之用单数。
All of my students work hard.
All of the oil is gone.
12）在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
Between the two windows hangs an oil painting.
2．由连接词连接的名词作主语。
1）用and或both … and 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
2）当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，采取“就远原则”。
3）以or, either … or, neither … nor, not only … but also等连接的词作主语时，采取“就近原则”。
3．代词作主语。
1）名词型物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。
Ours (Our Party) is a great Party.
Your shoes are white, mine (= my shoes) are black.
2）such、the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
Such is our plan. Such are his last words.
3）关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
4）疑问词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。
5）不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时，要注意下列情况：
（A）单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.（B）其后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has
(have) seen the film.
4．分数、量词作主语。
1）“分数或百分数+ 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如：
Lots of damage was caused by flood.
A number of students have gone to the countryside.
Quantities of food (nuts) were still on the table.
2）a great deal of, a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
3）表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。