Chapter 15 Power Point Lecture Notes with Blanks
Sections 15-1 through 15-5
Name: ______Date: ______Assignment #: ______
1) Case Study: A Brief History of Human Energy Use
• Everything runs on ______
• Industrial revolution began ______years ago, relied on ______, which led to ______.
• Coal
• Petroleum products
• Natural gas
• All of these are ______energy resources
2) What is most important point in the graph of the United States? (Look in the gray area)
3) 15-1 ______is the amount of high-quality energy available from an energy resource minus the amount of energy needed to make it available.
4) Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts (1)
• First law of thermodynamics:
• It takes ______energy to get ______energy
• Pumping oil from ground, refining it, transporting it
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Some ______is wasted at every step
5) Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts (2)
• Net energy
• ______amount of ______energy available from a resource minus the energy needed to make the energy available to consumers
• Business net profit: total money taken in minus all expenses
• Net energy ratio: ratio of energy ______to energy used to ______
• Conventional oil: ______energy ratio
6) Which product has the best net energy? (See question 5 for definition)
7) Energy Resources With Low/Negative Net Energy Yields Need Marketplace Help
• Cannot ______in open markets with alternatives that have higher net energy yields
• Need subsidies from taxpayers
• Nuclear power as an example
8) Reducing Energy Waste Improves Net Energy Yields and Can Save Money
• 84% of all ______used in the U.S. is wasted
• 43% after accounting for second law of thermodynamics
• Drive ______cars, not gas guzzlers
• Make ______energy efficient
9) 15-2A ______oil is currently abundant, has a ______net energy yield, and is relatively ______, but using it causes air and water pollution and releases ______gases to the atmosphere.
15-2B Heavy oils from ______and ______exist in potentially large supplies but have ______net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional oil has.
10) We Depend Heavily on Oil (1)
• Petroleum, or ______: conventional, or light oil
• Fossil fuels: ______and ______
• Peak production: time after which production from a well ______
• Global peak production for all world oil
11) We Depend Heavily on Oil (2)
• Oil extraction and ______
• By boiling point temperature
• Petrochemicals:
• Products of oil ______
• Raw materials for industrial ______chemicals
• ______
• ______
• ______
12) Looking at the Refining Crude Oil slide – which product comes off first? Last?
13) How Long Might Supplies of Conventional Crude Oil Last? (1)
• Rapid increase since ______
• Largest consumers in 2009
• United States, ______
• China, ______
• Japan, ______
14) How Long Might Supplies of Conventional Crude Oil Last? (2)
• Proven oil reserves
• Identified deposits that can be extracted profitably with ______
• Unproven reserves
• Probable reserves: ______chance of recovery
• Possible reserves: ______chance of recovery
• Proven and unproven reserves will be ______depleted sometime between 2050 and 2100
15) What happened in 1857? What is expected to happen about 2024?
16) OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies (1)
• ______countries have at least ______of the world’s crude oil reserves
• Saudi Arabia: ______
• United States: ______
• Global oil production leveled off in ______
• Oil production peaks and flow rates to consumers
17) OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies (2)
• Three caveats when evaluating future oil supplies
1. Potential reserves are not ______reserves
2. Must use net energy yield to evaluate potential of any ______
3. Must take into account ______global use of oil
18) The United States Uses Much More Oil Than It Produces
• Produces ______of the world’s oil and uses ______of world’s oil
• ______of world’s proven oil reserves
• Imports ______of its oil
• Should we look for more ______?
• Extremely difficult
• Expensive and financially risky
19) What type of reserves are in Georgia? (See slide with map)
20) Conventional Oil Has Advantages and Disadvantages (List at least two advantages and two disadvantages)
21) Case Study: Heavy Oil from Tar Sand
• Oil sand, tar sand contains ______
• ______and ______: oil sands have more oil than in Saudi Arabia
• Extraction
• Serious environmental impact before strip-mining
• Low ______yield: Is it cost effective?
22) Will Heavy Oil from Oil Shales Be a Useful Resource?
• Oil shales contain ______
• After distillation: ______
• ______of the world’s reserve is in arid areas of western United States
• Locked up in ______
• Lack of water needed for extraction and processing
• ______net energy yield
23) Trade-Offs: Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Oil Sand (List at least two advantages and two disadvantages)
24) 15-3 Conventional ______is more plentiful than oil, has a high net energy yield and a fairly low cost, and has the ______environmental impact of all fossil fuels.
25) Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel
• Natural gas: ______
• 50-90% is methane -- ______
• Conventional natural gas
• Pipelines
• Liquefied petroleum gas ______
• Liquefied natural gas ______
• Low net energy yield
• Makes U.S. dependent upon unstable countries like ______and ______
26) Is Unconventional Natural Gas the Answer?
• Coal bed ______
• In coal beds near the ______
• In shale beds
• High environmental ______or extraction
• Methane hydrate
• Trapped in ______
• In ______environments
• On ocean ______
• Costs of extraction currently too ______
27) List at least two advantages and two disadvantages of the trade-offs with conventional natural gas.
28) 15-4A ______coal is plentiful and has a high net energy yield and low cost, but it has a very high ______.
15-4B Gaseous and liquid fuels produced from coal could be ______, but they have ______energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional coal has.
29) Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (1)
• Coal: ______
• Burned in ______; generates ______of the world’s electricity
• Inefficient
• Three largest coal-burning countries
• ______
• ______
• ______
30) Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (2)
• World’s most ______fossil fuel
• U.S. has ______of proven reserves
• Environmental costs of burning coal
• ______
• Sulfur released as ______
• Large amount of ______
• CO2
• Trace amounts of ______and ______materials
31) What are the four types of coal?
32) What is the worst source of emissions when making electricity?
33) Name two advantages and two disadvantages of the trade-offs for coal.
34) Case Study: The Problem of Coal Ash
• Highly toxic
• ______
• Ash left from burning and from emissions
• Some used as ______by farmers
• Most is buried or put in ponds
• Contaminates ______
• Should be classified as ______waste
35) The Clean Coal and Anti-Coal Campaigns
• Coal companies and energy companies fought
• Classifying ______as a ______
• Classifying coal ash as ______
• Air pollution standards for emissions
• 2008 clean coal campaign
• But no such thing as ______coal
• “Coal is the single greatest threat to civilization and all ______on the planet.” – James Hansen
36) We Can Convert Coal into Gaseous and Liquid Fuels
• Conversion of solid coal to
• Synthetic natural gas (SNG) by ______
• ______or synthetic gasoline by coal liquefaction
• ______
• Are there benefits to using these synthetic fuels?
37) Name two advantages and two disadvantages of the trade-offs for synthetic fuel.
38) 15-5 Nuclear power has a low environmental impact and a very low accident risk, but its use has been limited by a low net energy yield, high costs, ______, long-lived radioactive wastes, and the potential for spreading nuclear weapons technology.
39) How Does a Nuclear Fission Reactor Work? (1)
• Controlled nuclear fission reaction in a ______
• Light-water reactors
• Very ______
• Fueled by uranium ______and packed as ______in fuel rods and fuel assemblies
• Control ______absorb neutrons
40) How Does a Nuclear Fission Reactor Work? (2)
• Water is the usual ______
• Containment ______around the core for protection
• Water-filled pools or ______for storage of radioactive spent fuel rod assemblies
41) How does nuclear fission occur?
42) What Is the Nuclear Fuel Cycle?
1. Mine the ______
2. Process the uranium to make the______
3. Use it in the______
4. Safely ______the radioactive waste
5. ______the reactor
43) What Happened to Nuclear Power?
• ______energy source and expected to decline more
• Why?
• ______
• ______
• Low ______of energy of the nuclear fuel cycle
• Safety ______
• Need for greater government subsidies
• Concerns of transporting ______
44) How many nuclear plants are in Georgia?
45) Case Study: Chernobyl: The World’s Worst Nuclear Power Plant Accident
• Chernobyl
• ______
• ______
• Series of explosions caused the roof of a reactor building to ______
• Partial meltdown and fire for ______days
• Huge radioactive cloud spread over many countries and eventually the______
• ______people left their homes
• Effects on ______and ______
46) Name two advantages and two disadvantages of the trade-offs for nuclear fuel.
47) Name two advantages and two disadvantages of the trade-offs between coal and nuclear energy.
48) Storing Spent Radioactive Fuel Rods Presents Risks
• Rods must be replaced every ______
• Cooled in water-filled ______
• Placed in ______
• Must be stored for ______of years
• Vulnerable to ______attack
49) Dealing with Radioactive Wastes Produced by Nuclear Power Is a Difficult Problem
• High-level radioactive wastes
• Must be stored safely for ______years
• Where to store it
• ______: safest and cheapest option
• Would any method of burial last long enough?
• There is still no facility
• Shooting it into space is too ______
50) Case Study: High-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States
• 1985: plans in the U.S. to build a repository for high-level radioactive wastes in the ______desert region (Nevada)
• Problems
• Cost: ______
• Large number of shipments to the site: protection from ______?
• Rock ______
• ______zone
• Decrease ______security
51) What Do We Do with Worn-Out Nuclear Power Plants?
• Decommission or ______the power plant
• Some options
1. Dismantle the plant and safely store the ______materials
2. Enclose the plant behind a physical barrier with full-time security until a storage facility has been built
3. Enclose the plant in a ______
• Monitor this for ______of years
52) Can Nuclear Power Lessen Dependence on Imported Oil & Reduce Global Warming?
• Nuclear power plants: no ______emission
• Nuclear fuel cycle: emits CO2
• Opposing views on nuclear power
• Nuclear power advocates
• 2007: Oxford Research Group
• Need ______of building new plants, plus a storage facility for ______
53) Are New Generation Nuclear Reactors the Answer?
• ______light-water reactors (ALWR)
• Built-in ______safety features
• Thorium-based reactors
• ______and ______
• But much research and development needed
54) What is one possible solution to the new generation of nuclear reactors?
55) Will Nuclear Fusion Save Us?
• “Nuclear fusion
• Fuse ______elements into heavier ______
• No risk of meltdown or large ______release
• Still in the laboratory phase after ______years of research and $34 billion dollars
• 2006: U.S., China, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and European Union
• Will build a large-scale experimental nuclear fusion reactor by______
56) How does nuclear fusion occur?
57) Experts Disagree about the Future of Nuclear Power
• Proponents of nuclear power
• Fund more ______
• Pilot-plant testing of potentially cheaper and safer reactors
• Test breeder ______and ______
• Opponents of nuclear power
• Fund rapid development of energy ______and ______energy resources
58) Three Big Ideas
1. A key factor to consider in evaluating the usefulness of any energy resource is its ______
2. Conventional oil, natural gas, and coal are plentiful and have moderate to high net energy yields, but using any fossil fuel, especially coal, has a ______.
3. Nuclear power has a low environmental impact and a very low accident risk, but high costs, a low net energy yield, ______, and the potential for spreading ______technology have limited its use.
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