Appendix 1.Annual secondary production estimates (mg DMm-2 and mg AFDMm-2) of some benthic insects, shrimps and fishes at Tai Po Kau(TPK), Hong Kong SAR (unless otherwise specified). Production estimation methods are abbreviated as: size-frequency method (SF); instantaneous-growth method (IG); field-based instantaneous-growth (IG (F)) and computer-based instantaneous-growth methods (IG (C)); increment-summation method (IS); removal-summation method (RS)
Taxon / Mean secondary production estimates / Estimation method(s) / Mean biomass (mg AFDMm-2) / Mean turnover rate (year-1) / Referencemg DM m-2 year-1 / mg AFDM m-2 year-1
Gastropoda
Sulcospirahainanensis / IG (F): 1,785.6 / IG (F): 1,733.6 / IG (F), / 1,008.9 / 1.7 / Present study
IG (C): 2,732.4 / IG (C): 2,303.3 / IG (C), IS / 1,032.7 / 2.2
IS: 2,386.8 / IS: 2,317.3 / 1,032.7 / 2.2
Cypriniformes
Pseudogastromyzonmyersi / SF: 4,123.5 a / SF: 2,749.0 / SF, IS / 853.0 / 3.2 / Yang & Dudgeon (2009)
IS: 1,852.5 a / IS: 1,235.0 / 571.0 / 2.2
Decapoda
Macrobrachiumhainanense / SF:1,577.5 b / SF: 998.2 / SF, IG / 483.7 / 2.1 / Mantel & Dudgeon (2004)
IG: 742.8 b / IG: 477.8 / 1.0
Caridinacantonensisc / SF: 6,493.5 / SF: 1,665.0 / SF, IG / 474.6 / 3.5 / Yam & Dudgeon (2006)
IG: 3,408.2 / IG: 873.9 / 1.8
Caridinaserrata d / SF: 3,507.3 / SF: 810.0 / SF, IG / 265.8 / 3.0 / Yam & Dudgeon (2006)
IG: 2,422.2 / IG: 559.4 / 2.1
Coleoptera
Hydrocyphon sp. / 107.5 / 88.6 / SF / 7.34 / 12.1 / Dudgeon (1995b)
Eubrianax sp. / 304.4 / 279.4 / SF / 21.8 / 12.9 / Dudgeon (1995a)
Mateopsephus sp. / 33.6 / 32.2 / SF / 1.8 / N/A / Dudgeon (1995a)
Psephenoidessp. / 4.1 / 3.9 / SF / 0.54 / 7.4 / Dudgeon (1995a)
Psephenuschinensis / 1,718.4 / 1545.4 / SF / 90.4 / 17.1 / Dudgeon (1995a)
Ephemeroptera
Electrogena sp. e / 143.8 / 123.6 / SF / 21.0 / 5.9 / Dudgeon (1996a)
Epeorus sp. e / 100.0 / 88.6 / SF / 13.6 / 6.5 / Dudgeon (1996a)
Ephemera spilosa / 37.3 / 24.3 / SF / 6.4 / 7.6 / Dudgeon (1996b)
Iron sp. e / 95.6 / 78.6 / SF / 8.8 / 9.0 / Dudgeon (1996a)
Paegniodescupulatuse / 42.2 / 32.4 / SF / 6.2 / 5.3 / Dudgeon (1996a)
Cinygmina sp. e / 116.8 / 100.8 / SF / 39.2 / 4.8 / Dudgeon (1996a)
Cinygmina sp. / SF: 296.7 / SF: 256.1 f / SF, IG / 8.2 f / 31.2 / Salas & Dudgeon (2003)
IG: 287.9 / IG: 248.5 f / 30.2
Afronurus sp. / SF: 1,541.5 / 1,232.4 g / SF, IG / 36.4 g / 33.9 / Salas & Dudgeon (2003)
IG: 1,530.9 / 1,223.9 g / 33.6
Baetiellapseudofrequenta / SF: 22.2 / 17.7 g / SF, IG / 0.3 g / 55.5 / Salas & Dudgeon (2003)
IG: 33.7 / 26.9 g / 84.3
Choroterpessp. / SF: 67.0 / 53.6 g / SF, IG / 1.9 g / 28.5 / Salas & Dudgeon (2003)
IG: 129.0 / 103.1 g / 54.9
Procloeon sp. / SF: 66.9 / 53.5 g / SF, IG / 1.1 g / 48.6 / Salas & Dudgeon (2003)
IG: 100.8 / 80.5 g / 73.2
Odonata
Euphaeadecorata / SF: 151.2 / SF: 121.4 h / SF, IG, RS / 27.0 h / 4.4 / Dudgeon (1989b)
IG: 126.3 / IG: 101.4 h / 3.8
RS: 170.8 / RS: 137.1 h / 5.1
Heliogomphusscorpio / 182.1 / 146.2 h / SF / 40.6 / 3.6 / Dudgeon (1989a)
Onychogomphussinicus / 362.2 / 290.8 h / SF / 78.6 / 3.7 / Dudgeon (1989b)
Zygonyx iris / 303.4 / 243.6 h / N/A / 66.7 / 3.7 / Dudgeon (1989b); estimated based on P/B = 3.65
Trichoptera
Stenopsycheangustata / 2,300.8 / 1,800.8 / SF / 218.8 / 8.6 / Dudgeon (1996c)
Cheumatopsychespinosa / 233.6 / 210.8 / SF / 25.2 / 8.4 / Dudgeon (1997)
Cheumatopsycheventricosa / 232.2 / 201.4 / SF / 19.6 / 10.2 / Dudgeon (1997)
Herbertorossiaquadrata / 106.0 / 92.4 / SF / 13.0 / 7.0 / Dudgeon (1997)
Hydropsychemelli / 101.0 / 96.6 / SF / 26.6 / 3.6 / Dudgeon (1997)
Hydropsychechekiangana / 23.6 / 21.4 / SF / 5.8 / 3.7 / Dudgeon (1997)
Macrostemumfastosum / 415.6 / 370.6 / SF / 80.0 / 4.6 / Dudgeon (1997)
Polymorphanisusastictus / 102.0 / 80.8 / SF / 22.0 / 3.7 / Dudgeon (1997)
Sum of annual secondary production estimates/standing stock of all the above taxa / 23.7 g DM m-2 year-1 i / 14.6 g AFDM m-2 year-1 i / 3.8 g AFDMm-2
a DM estimates not given; derived using DM = 1.5 AFDM from relationships between DM and AFDM in Yang & Dudgeon (2009) and Brey et al. (2010)
b DM estimated using DM = 1.3548 AFDM1.0223 (Mantel Dudgeon, unpub.data)
c Production estimates from shaded Pak Tam Chung stream, Hong Kong SAR
d Production estimates are from shaded Lung Fu Shan stream, Hong Kong SAR
e Production estimates of these taxa are low due to conservative assumptions about voltinism
f AFDM derived using DM = 1.1587 AFDM for Cinygmina sp. in Dudgeon (1996a)
g AFDM derived using DM = 1.2508 AFDM, based on data for 6 families of Ephemeroptera in Dudgeon (1996a)
h AFDM derived using DM = 1.2453 AFDM based on the mean DM vs AFDM for Hong Kong species of aquatic Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera
i Production estimates of taxa estimated by more than 1 method were averaged; IS production estimates for S. hainanensis, and production of Cinygmina sp. estimated by Salas & Dudgeon (2003) were used in the summation
1
Appendix 2.Determination of site-specific sampling effort required to estimate the density and population size structure of Sulcospirahainanensis in four study streams
The site-specific sampling effort required to estimate density and population size structure of Sulcospirahainanensis was addressed during a pilot study conducted in January 2011. A transect was established parallel to a 20-m study reach in each site, and 30 Surber samples (250-µm mesh; 0.09 m2) were taken at locations along the study reach determined using a random number table (RohlfSokal 1981). Stones were lifted into the net whereupon they were thoroughly rinsed to collect S. hainanensis. Any remaining snails within the quadrat, or on the surfaces of large rocks which could not be lifted, were collected by hand or by a 200-μm hand net. Snails were counted and measured, and they were returned to the stream.
Data from the pilot study were used to calculate the minimum sample size required to estimate the snail mean density at each site applying the equation by Eckblad (1991),
with an accuracy about 0.3–0.4, such that the mean density was estimated within ±30–40 % of the true mean at α = 0.05. Such accuracy is generally deemed acceptable to achieve a modest level of precision (Gordon et al. 2004). To estimate the minimum sample size needed to represent the size-frequency distribution of S, hainanensis and hence represent all cohorts in each population, the size-structure of each population at sample size n = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 was established by sampling from the pilot sample population data randomly without replacement. The minimum sample size to represent all S. hainanensis cohorts was that where the proportion of the abundance of each size class, relative to the entire pilot sample at a site, changed no more than 5% with an addition of a 5-sample increment. Twenty Surber sampleswere taken on each occasion at CL, TPK and SM, and 25 samples at PNS, over the 13-month study period and yielded the size-frequency and density data necessary for estimating secondary production.
1
Appendix 3.Regression equations for ash-free dry mass (mg AFDM) versus aperture width (AW, mm) for Sulcospirahainanensis in four Hong Kong streams. For site abbreviations, see Table 1
Site / AFDM-AW regression / n / r2 / PCL / lnAFDM = 3.26lnAW – 1.48 / 65 / 0.99 / < 0.001
PNS / lnAFDM = 3.22lnAW – 1.17 / 73 / 0.98 / < 0.001
TPK / lnAFDM = 3.30lnAW – 1.60 / 62 / 0.98 / < 0.001
SM / lnAFDM = 3.04lnAW – 1.22 / 75 / 0.99 / < 0.001
1
Appendix 4.Regression equations for ln-transformed biomass (mg AFDM) versus field-based and computer-based instantaneous growth rates (IGR, mg mg-1 AFDM day-1) for Sulcospirahainanensis in four Hong Kong streams. For site abbreviations, see Table 1
Site / IGR-AFDM regression / n / r2 / PCL / Field-based / ln IGR = -0.71ln AFDM - 3.00 / 5 / 0.85 / < 0.05
Computer-based / ln IGR = -0.93ln AFDM - 1.56 / 7 / 0.89 / < 0.01
PNS / Field-based / lnIGR = -0.60ln AFDM - 2.91 / 5 / 0.96 / < 0.01
Computer-based / ln IGR= -0.63ln AFDM - 3.49 / 9 / 0.84 / < 0.001
TPK / Field-based / ln IGR= -0.60ln AFDM - 3.24 / 8 / 0.83 / < 0.01
Computer-based / ln IGR= -0.72ln AFDM - 3.90 / 8 / 0.95 / < 0.001
SM / Field-based / ln IGR = -0.56ln AFDM - 3.71 / 6 / 0.99 / < 0.001
Computer-based / ln IGR= -0.57 ln AFDM - 3.61 / 8 / 0.83 / < 0.01
1
Appendix 5.Summary of abundance, biomass, production and turnover ratios of freshwater gastropod populations. Production estimation methods are abbreviated as in Appendix 1; AC = Allen-curve method. Biomass and production data are in mg DMm-2 except * (= mg AFDMm-2). Data not given as dry mass units were calculated using 1 mg ash-free dry mass = 13.20 mg wet mass = 5.675 cal = 0.5186 mg carbon (after Russel-Hunter et al. 1968; Cummins & Wuycheck 1971), and are indicated by #. Introduced or invasive populations are indicated by ^
Species / Region / Latitude / Lentic (Le)/Lotic (Lo) / Abundance (individualsm-2) / Biomass (mg DM m-2 year-1) / Production (mg DM m-2 year-1) / Annual turnover ratio / ReferencePachychilidae
Sulcospirahainanensis / Hong Kong / 22°N / Lo / 108.4-206.1 / 1,009.0-4,430.2 * / IS: 1,612.8-6,123.9 * / 1.4-2.2 / Present study
Ampullariidae
Pilaglobosa / India / 11°N / Le / 8.5 / 24,118.2 / IG: 22,700.0 / 0.9 / Haniffa (1978)
Pomaceacanaliculata ^ / Hong Kong / 22°N / Le / 36.3 / 28,850.0 * / SF: 252,825.0 * / 8.8 / Kwong et al. (2010)
Bithyniidae
Bithynia graeca / Greece / 41°N / Le / 12.3 / SF: 18,530.0 / SF: 86,810.0 / 4.7 / EleutheriadisLazaridou-Dimitriadou (2001)
RS: 22,800.0 / RS: 88,300.0 / 3.9
Bithynia longicornis / China / 31°N / Le / 2.2 / SF: 27.8 / SF: 111.0 / 4.0 / Yan & Liang (2002)
IG: 20.2 / IG: 109.0 / 5.4
Bithynia longicornis / China / 31°N / Le / 2.4 / SF: 24.0 / SF: 103.0 / 4.3 / Yan et al. (2002)
IG: 28.5 / IG: 114.0 / 4.0
AC: 24.7 / AC: 106.0 / 4.3
Bithynia tentaculata / UK / 31°N / Le / N/A / 30.7 * # / AC: 50.0 * # / 1.6 / Mann (1971)
Bithynia tentaculata / USA / 43°N / Le / 54.8 / 360.4 * # / RS: 985.3 * # / 2.7 / Mattice (1972)
Parafossarulusmanchouricus / China / 31°N / Le / 2.0 / SF: 41.1 / SF: 178.1 / 4.3 / Yan et al. (2001)
IG: 39.6 / IG: 178.1 / 4.5
AC: 39.7 / AC: 174.5 / 4.4
RS: 39.7 / RS: 174.5 / 4.4
Chilinidae
Chilinagibbosa / Argentina / 39°S / Le / 173.5 / 2.05 * / IS: 8.7 * / 4.3 / Bosnia et al. (1990)
Hydrobiidae
Potamopyrgusantipodaruma^ / Denmark / 56°N / Lo / 345.0-1,050.0 / SF: 77.5-303.1 * # / SF: 370.0-1,233.5 * # / 4.1-4.8 / Winther & Dahl (1998)
IS: 58.1-174.4 * # / IS: 156.8-463.4 * # / 2.7
Potamopyrgusantipodarumb ^ / USA / 36°N / Lo / 43,030.0-254,098.0 / 2,760.7-16,577.3 / SF: 24,447.0-193,740.0 * / 8.9-12.2 / Hall et al. (2006)
Potamopyrgusantipodarum ^ / USA / 37°N / Lo / N/A / 4,400.0 * / IG: 13,300.0 * / 3.0 / Cross et al. (2010)
Lymnaeidae
Radix balthica / USA / 41°N / Le / 21.92 / 40 / SF: 270.0 / 6.8 / González-Solís & Ruiz (1996)
Radix peregra / UK / 31°N / Le / N/A / 19.8 * # / AC: 228.3 * # / 11.5 / Mann (1971)
Radix peregra / UK / 53°N / Le / N/A / 1,440.9 * # / AC: 4,734.8 * # / 3.3 / Gaten (1986)
Stagnicolacatascopiumc / Canada / 47°N / Le / 0.9-82.7 / 44.7-1,113.0 in 4 populations * # / RS: 60.0-6,900.0 in 4 populations * # / 1.3-2.5 / Pinel-Alloul (1978)
Stagnicolapalustris / USA / 41°N / Le / 349.9 / 337.0 / RS: 2,183.0 / N/A / Eckblad (1973)
Stagnicolapalustrisa / USA / 43°N / Le / 988.0-1,834.0 / 828.1-6,030.7 / RS: 7.1-44.0 / 5.6-5.8 / Hunter (1975)
Stagnicolapalustris / France / 49°N / Le / N/A / 31,634.0 / SF: 112,984.0 / 3.6 / Caquet (1993)
Neritidae
Theodoxusfluviatilis / Denmark / 56°N / Le / 1,160.0 / 1,378.5 * / SF: 2,284.0 * / 1.6 / Kirkegaard (2006)
IG: 1,784.5 * / 1.3
AC: 1,895.0 * / 1.3
Paludomidae
Cleopatra bulimoidesb / Chad / 13°N / Le / N/A / 630.0-3,610.0 / RS: 1,190.0-8,330.0 / 0.3-3.3 / Lévêque (1973)
Physidae
Physafontinalis / France / 49°N / Le / N/A / 2,034.0 / SF: 8,463.0 / 4.2 / Caquet (1993)
Physaintegra / USA / 41°N / Le / 494.5 / 359.0 / RS: 1,587.8 / 2.9 / Eckblad (1973)
Physagyrina / USA / 44°N / Le / 982.6 / 537.2 / SF: 936.0 / N/A / Gillespie (1969)
IG: 1,095.5
Physavenustula ^ / Argentina / 39°S / Lo / 51.0 / 11.7 / SF: 95.0 / 8.1 / Martin (2001)
Physellaacuta / USA / 41°N / Le / 232.4 / 320.0 / SF: 2,300.0 / 7.2 / González-Solís Ruiz (1996)
Planorbidae
Anisusleucostoma / France / 49°N / Le / N/A / 4,101.0 / 11,920.0 / 2.9 / Caquet (1993)
Anisusvortex / UK / 31°N / Le / N/A / 0.8 * # / AC: 5.2 * # / 6.5 / Mann (1971)
Bathyomphaluscontortus / UK / 31°N / Le / N/A / 2.4 * # / AC: 0.8 * # / 0.3 / Mann (1971)
Gyraulusparvus / USA / 41°N / Le / 131.0 / 15.4 / RS: 6.6-33.0 / 0.4-2.2 / Eckblad (1973)
Gyraulusdeflectus / USA / 44°N / Le / 7,827.0 / 1,046.2 / SF: 3,028.5 / 2.9 / Gillespie (1969)
IG: 3,343.5 / 3.2
Planorbisplanorbis / USA / 41°N / Le / 81.7 / 50.0 / SF: 230.0 / 4.6 / González-Solís Ruiz (1996)
Planorbellatrivolis / USA / 43°N / Le / 506.1 / 1,133.3 / 11,310.4 / 10.0 / Eversole (1978)
Pleuroceridae
Elimiacahawbensis / USA / 33°N / Lo / N/A / 2,289.0 / IG: 609.0 / 0.3 / Richardson et al. (1988)
Elimiacahawbensis / USA / 33°N / Lo / N/A / 1,772.0 / IG: 2,453.0 / 1.4 / Huryn et al. (1995)
Elimiaclara / USA / 33°N / Lo / N/A / 5,360.0 / IG: 803.0 / 0.2 / Richardson et al. (1988)
Elimiafascinansd / USA / 33°N / Lo / N/A / 827.0-1,528.5 / IG: 1,224.0-1,855.0 / 1.3 / Huryn et al. (1995)
Elimialivescensd / USA / N/A / Lo / N/A / N/A / 5,900.0 * / N/A / Payne (unpub. data)
Goniobasissemicarinatad / USA / 38°N / Lo / N/A / N/A / 12,500.0 * / N/A / Mancini (unpub. data)
Thiaridae
Melanoidestuberculatab^ / Chad / 13°N / Le / N/A / 1647.5 / RS: 1,990.0-15,450.0 / 3.0-5.3 / Leveque (1973)
Melanoidestuberculata ^ / Hong Kong / 22°N / Le / 23.4 / 670.0-3,530.0 / SF: 13,430.0 / 4.8 / Dudgeon (1986)
Valvatidae
Valvatahumeralis / USA / 44°N / Le / 1,297.5 / 268.6 / SF: 999.6 / 3.7 / Gillespie (1969)
IG: 897.0 / 3.3
Viviparidae
Bellamyaaeruginosa / China / 31°N / Le / N/A / 2,272.9 / IG: 1,932.0 / 0.9 / Yan et al. (2000)
Bellamyaaeruginosa / China / 31°N / Le / N/A / 1,691.0 / IG: 862.4 / 0.5 / Yan et al. (1999)
Bellamyabengalensis / India / 23°N / Le / 177.9 / 1,305.9 / IG: 3,695.8 / 2.8 / Khan & Chaudhuri (1984)
Bellamya unicolor a / Chad / 13°N / Le / 46.0 / 2,110.0-2,820.0 / RS: 12,850.0-13,640.0 / 5.4 / Leveque (1973)
Campelomadecisum / USA / 30°N / Lo / 53.1 / 8,500.0 / SF: 22,900.0 / 1.8 / Richardson & Brown (1989)
Viviparuscontectus / Greece / 41°N / Le / 3.0 / 4,190.0 / SF: 13,450.0 / 3.2 / EleutheriadisLazaridou-Dimitriadou(1995)
Viviparusgeorgianusb^ / USA / 43°N / Le / N/A / N/A / RS: 641.1-5,843.8 / N/A / Browne (1978)
Viviparusmalleatusd^ / Canada / 46°N / Le/Lo / 15.0 in 1 population / 8,163.0-25,384.5 / SF: 4,557.3-10,165.5 * / 0.4-0.6 / recalculated from Stańczykowska et al. (1971)
Viviparussubpurpureusd / USA / 30°N / Lo / 102.1 / 16,000.0 / SF: 45,600.0 / 2.2 / Richardson Brown (1989)
Viviparusviviparus / UK / 31°N / Le / N/A / 127.7 * # / AC: 202.6 * # / 1.6 / Mann (1971)
a / The values of biomass and production were obtained from 2 study populations
b / The values of biomass and production were obtained from 4 study populations
c / The values of biomass and production were obtained from 6 study populations
d / The values of biomass and production were obtained from 3 study populations
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