AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERSPeriod 1
- Correct Answer: A
Feedback: The invention of the printing press around 1450 resulted in the mass production of information on a scale never seen before. This allowed the circulation of printed materials acting as agents of change and allowed the spread throughout Europe of new ideas and knowledge.
Key Concept: 1.1.II.A
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
- Correct Answer: C
Feedback: Prior to the use of a printing press, the church controlled access to Bibles and they were written only in Latin. The printing press not only allowed access to the scriptures for common people, it facilitated translations into the common languages of Europe. This was a direct challenge to church control over knowledge and the access to it.
Key Concept: 1.1.II.A
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-2
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
- Correct Answer: D
Feedback: The Protestant Reformation made great use of the printed word in their propaganda campaign against the Catholic Church. Pamphlets were easy to produce and reached many people with their controversial ideas. This contributed to the spread and success of the Reformation movement.
Key Concept: 1.1.II.B
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-2
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
- Correct Answer: B
Feedback: One of the main concepts of the Italian Renaissance was the belief in the nobility of man as an individual. This humanistic belief spilled over into the arts and influenced artists to portray naturalistic settings in their paintings.
Key Concept: 1.1.III.B
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
- Correct Answer: D
Feedback: The art of Da Vinci’s time emphasized realism based on observation. Art in earlier centuries followed certain styles that appeared stiff and unnatural. Humanism also influenced art to portray real people with individual personalities. This was true even for art of a religious nature.
Key Concept: 1.1.III.B
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time
- Correct Answer: C
Feedback: As the status of painters changed from merely decorators to artists, wealthy individuals became patrons of the arts, ending an exclusive association with Church and kings. Portraits became more common and wealthy patrons decorated their homes with frescos depicting motifs from daily life.
Key Concept: 1.1.III.B
Thematic Learning Objective: SP-1
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
- Correct Answer: C
Feedback: The philosophy of empiricism put forth by Francis Bacon emphasized that all knowledge is derived from the senses by observation and experience. Bacon proposed that ideas be shaped by actual observed facts.
Key Concept: 1.1. IV.C
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical Evidence
Historical Thinking Skill: Interpretation
- Correct Answer: A
Feedback: Bacon concluded the ancient’s approach to discovering nature was all wrong. He proposed that, instead of starting with a truth at the beginning, truth would be found at the end after a process of investigation and experiment. This is what is known as inductive reasoning.
Key Concept: 1.1. IV.C
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
Historical Thinking Skill: Interpretation
- Correct Answer: B
Feedback: Bacon imagined a society where true knowledge equaled useful knowledge. Pure science and applied science would be used equally to discover nature and create machines for making used of natural forces. Knowledge and power in Bacon’s opinion equaled progress.
Key Concept: 1.1. IV.C
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Interpretation
- Correct Answer: A
Feedback: Bacon imagined a society where true knowledge equaled useful knowledge. Pure science and applied science would be used equally to discover nature and create machines for making used of natural forces. Knowledge and power in Bacon’s opinion equaled progress.
Key Concept: 1.5.V.C
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-10
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
- Correct Answer: B
Feedback: Earlier tolerant attitudes towards witchcraft began to change in the 14th century. Any persons with supernatural abilities began to be viewed as being in league with the devil and involved in satanic rituals.
Key Concept: 1.5.V.C
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-10
Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time
- Correct Answer: B
Feedback: Although some men were persecuted as witches, most were women. The gender bias prevalent in witch-hunting usually focused on older women who lived outside the normal patriarchal society. Theological traditions also portrayed women as negative or evil.
Key Concept: 1.5.V.C
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-10
Historical Thinking Skill: Interpretation
- Correct Answer: C
Feedback: European economic centers shifted away from the Mediterranean and towards the Atlantic coast as Europe expanded into the New World. Naval power grew as did economic opportunities through trade and importation of materials from the Americas.
Key Concept: 1.4.IV.B
Thematic Learning Objective: INT-6
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
- Correct Answer: D
Feedback: While Europeans enjoyed economic prosperity from the Americas, the impact on indigenous populations was devastating. European disease, forced labor and subjugation of these populations destroyed or nearly destroyed many of their cultures.
Key Concept: 1.4.IV.B
Thematic Learning Objective: INT-9
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
- Correct Answer: A
Feedback: While Europeans enjoyed economic prosperity from the Americas, the impact on indigenous populations was devastating. European disease, forced labor and subjugation of these populations destroyed or nearly destroyed many of their cultures.
Key Concept: 1.4.IV.B
Thematic Learning Objective: INT-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
- Correct Answer: C
Feedback: The Catholic Church taught that Eve was the source of original sin; however, John Calvin believed that men and women were equally guilty of sin and therefore equal in the eyes of God and in hope for salvation.
Key Concept: 1.5.IV.B
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-9
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
- Correct Answer: A
Feedback: Marie Dentiere advocated larger roles for women in religious practices. She most strongly felt women and men were equally qualified not only to interpret God’s word but to teach it. She urged freedom for women who felt the calling to announce the Gospel.
Key Concept: 1.5.IV.B
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-6
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
- Correct Answer: C
Feedback: The Epistle, when published, angered local authorities who seized and destroyed most copies of the letter. Some copies survived and were circulated. The publication created a backlash against women authors for the remainder of the 16th century.
Key Concept: 1.5.IV.B
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-6
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
19.Correct Answer: B
Feedback: This was a main difference between Calvin and Martin Luther. Calvin emphasized much more the idea of predestination. He believed that humans were pre-selected by God to either be saved or damned.
Key Concept: 1.3.1.B
Thematic Learning Objective: 0S-11
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
20.Correct Answer: D
Feedback: Humans, according to Calvin, are unable to achieve salvation on their own. God granted grace to the few chosen who would be saved or elected for salvation.
Key Concept: 1.3.1.B
Thematic Learning Objective: 0S-11
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
21.Correct Answer: A
Feedback: Unlike the Church of England which was ruled by the King and bishops, Calvinists would not submit to or allow secular governments the right to make religious laws. They wanted to remake society based on a religious community governed by elected religious men.
Key Concept: 1.3.1.B
Thematic Learning Objective: 0S-11
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
22.Correct Answer: A
Feedback: Agriculture was the main form of livelihood in 16th century Europe. In subsistence farming, peasants grew only enough to provide for their families with nothing--or almost nothing left--to sell at market. Life was dictated by the seasons and planting was dictated by family needs rather than market prices.
Key Concept: 1.5.II.A
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-1
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
23.Correct Answer: C
Feedback: Serfdom was the status of peasants under the manorial system. Under this system, peasants were the subjects of the Lord of the Manor with obligations to be paid most likely in labor. Some forms of serfdom were very oppressive and peasants were not only poverty stricken but had very little in the way of personal freedom.
Key Concept: 1.5.II.A
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-1
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
24.Correct Answer: C
Feedback: As European nations explored across the Atlantic, new trade markets were created and agriculture changed to a money based market. For peasants in Western Europe, the burdens of serfdom were being lifted but in the East, they become more restrictive.
Key Concept: 1.5.II.C
Thematic Learning Objective: PP-9
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
25.Correct Answer: D
Feedback: Changes in the agricultural market saw peasants in Western Europe becoming small proprietors and free people. In the East, Lords of the Manors clamped down and restricted peasants even further as the Lords became wealthier.
Key Concept: 1.5.II.C
Thematic Learning Objective: PP-9
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
26.Correct Answer: D
Feedback: Religious issues in the mid-16th century were in a state of change. Religious loyalties knew no boundaries either physical or political. Neighbors and people living side by side frequently viewed each other with suspicion and mistrust, often looking for spiritual guidance from outside their native country.
Key Concept: 1.3.III.B
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-3
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
27. Correct Answer: A
Feedback: Phillip II combined the organization of a new monarch with political and religious interests throughout Europe. He believed that advancement of Spanish power in Europe served interests at home. Wealth from conquests in South America allowed him to pursue these policies.
Key Concept: 1.3.III.B
Thematic Learning Objective: SP-2
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
28.Correct Answer: B
Feedback: Although the Netherlands had already been part of the Hapsburg Empire, the ascension of Philip II caused heightened anti-Spanish feelings. The foreign presence strained political and religious relationships and eventually economic ones. The northern provinces would declare their independence from Spain in 1581, drawing a line in the sand and challenging Spanish authority.
Key Concept: 1.3.III.B
Thematic Learning Objective: SP-11
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
29.Correct Answer: B
Feedback: Early ocean exploration was confined to mainly coastal voyages. Perfection of the mariners’ astrolabe by the Portuguese allowed not only the measurement of latitude but created the ability for ships to venture further from shore and into Atlantic waters.
Key Concept: 1.4.II
Thematic Learning Objective: INT-4
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
30.Correct Answer: D
Feedback: As measurement of latitude allowed ships to move further out to sea, mariners discovered and began to make use of both trade winds and ocean currents to establish routes that would take them to new worlds.
Key Concept: 1.4.II
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-6
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
Question Type: Multiple Choice
31.Correct Answer: B
Feedback: As Europe began to colonize in the Americas, markets opened up for trade in crops and importation of commodities. Europeans had opportunities economically both in trade and in migration to the new world.
Key Concept: 1.4.II
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-3
Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time
32. Correct Answer: C
Feedback: The family remained the main economic unit in early modern Europe. Families lived by both agriculture and rural household industry or cottage industry such as sewing or the production of cloth. Cottage industry allowed agrarian families to earn income during the winter and non-peak farming cycles.
Key Concept: 1.5.IV.A
Thematic Learning Objective: PP-7
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
33. Correct Answer: A
Feedback: As cottage industries continued to grow, men and women took on roles within the system. They had separate responsibilities but worked together. Even children were expected to do their part.
Key Concept: 1.5.IV.A
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-4
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
34. Correct Answer: D
Feedback: As wealthy families and the middle class raised their standards of living, opportunities were created among the working class poor to enter into domestic service in these wealthy households. It became the most common occupation for women in this period.
Key Concept: 1.5.IV.A
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-4
Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time
35. Correct Answer: B
Feedback: Both James I and Louis XIV were philosophers of absolutism. Each believed they ruled by divine right and were answerable only to God.
Key Concept: 1.2.III.A
Thematic Learning Objective: SP-2
Historical Thinking Skill: Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical Evidence
Historical Thinking Skill: Interpretation
36.Correct Answer: C
Feedback: Absolute monarchs were so in theory, but in reality, they were counter balanced by legislative and government bodies representing political and social groups of the kingdom.
Key Concept: 1.2.III.A
Thematic Learning Objective: SP-7
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
37. Correct Answer: D
Feedback: The English Civil War was a conflict between Royalists loyal to Charles I and Parliamentarians. The conflict was not so much about who would rule as it was about how they would rule. In the end, the Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and Oliver Cromwell established the Commonwealth of England. It would last for 11 years until his death.
Key Concept: 1.2.III.A
Thematic Learning Objective: SP-11
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time
38. Correct Answer: B
Feedback: As nations sought new sources of wealth through international trade, they also desired power through their colonial empires. The increase in commerce created growth in financial areas such as banking and sowed the beginnings of an economy based on money rather than barter.
Key Concept: 1.5.I.A
Thematic Learning Objective: INT-11
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
39. Correct Answer: A
Feedback: As commercial capitalism grew, merchants became the new elite. The old elite, based on land ownership and titles, gave way to the new based on available capital and market strategies.
Key Concept: 1.5.I.B
Thematic Learning Objective: PP-6
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
40. Correct Answer: D
Feedback: While both groups were interested in wealth and power, each went about it in a different way. The old-style nobles did so with land and tenant farmers; the patricians achieved the same result with capitol and markets. Regardless of their path, each hoped to limit access to their group from outsiders and protect their power.
Key Concept: 1.5.I.C
Thematic Learning Objective: PP-6
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
41. Correct Answer: D
Feedback: As Spain and Portugal competed for lands on their way east, the Catholic rulers of both countries appealed to the pope to divide up the world between Portugal and Spain. So in 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain exclusive rights to lands west of a line drawn about 1200 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands and gave Portugal exclusive rights to lands east of that line.
Key Concept: 1.4.I.A
Thematic Learning Objective: INT-1
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
42. Correct Answer: C
Feedback: The Spanish and Portuguese first led the colonization of the Americas, soon to be followed by the Dutch, French and English. For Spain, the colonies were a source of great wealth and power that lasted well into the 16th century.
Key Concept: 1.4.I.A
Thematic Learning Objective: SP-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
43.Correct Answer: D
Feedback: European governments sought benefits and control of trade from their colonies. Mercantilism allowed them to do this by regulating and in some cases restricting trade practices within the colonies. This policy was an attempt to create a balance of trade that would be financially favorable to the mother country.
Key Concept: 1.4.I.B
Thematic Learning Objective: SP-5
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
44. Correct Answer: C
Feedback: While Spain exploited the New World on a material level, their presence was also devastating on a human level. Native populations were subjected to disease, slavery and loss of culture.
Key Concept: 1.4.I.B
Thematic Learning Objective: IS-10
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
45. Correct Answer: C
Feedback: Martin Luther advocated a more direct connection to God discounting the need for clerical guidance. He stated in his writings that individual people were entitled to read and interpret the scriptures for themselves.
Key Concept: 1.3.I.B
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-2
Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison
46.Correct Answer: A
Feedback: Public reaction to Luther’s 95 theses inspired social and political revolutions. Peasant revolts and radical religious leaders used Luther’s ideas to fuel pushes for reform within European society.
Key Concept: 1.3.I.B
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-2
Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization
Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation
Question Type: Multiple Choice
47. Correct Answer: D
Feedback: Luther despised the Catholic practice of selling indulgences in exchange for grace. His 95 theses state that grace can only come from God and could not be obtained through any priestly absolution.
Key Concept: 1.3.I.B
Thematic Learning Objective: OS-11
Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time
48. Correct Answer: B
Feedback: After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, religion no longer played a role in creating wars. Warfare became secularized and influenced by the plurality of independent, sovereign states throughout Europe.