Chapter 7 Review
1. / Which of these towns was founded by the Umayyad family?a. / Mecca
b. / Medina
c. / Cairo
d. / Baghdad
2. / Which of these men was a cousin of Muhammad and led the opposition to the Umayyads at the Battle of Siffin?
a. / Ali
b. / Mu’awiya
c. / Abu Bakr
d. / Uthman
3. / Which of these refers to Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina?
a. / hijra
b. / hajj
c. / umma
d. / mawali
4. / The zakat is a ______.
a. / tax that is one of the pillars of Islam
b. / person who has not converted to Islam
c. / follower of Muhammad
d. / person of either the Jewish or Christian faiths
5. / Which of these titles is given to Muhammad’s successors?
a. / caliph
b. / ayan
c. / shaykh
d. / mawali
6. / The Shi’a were followers of ______.
a. / Ali and Husayn
b. / Uthman
c. / Mu’awiya
d. / al-Abbas
7. / The dhimmi were originally______.
a. / Jews and Christians
b. / Muslims
c. / Jews and Zoroastrians
d. / Buddhists
8. / The chief administrator under the Abbasids was the ______.
a. / wazir
b. / ayan
c. / umma
d. / mawali
9. / The pre-Islamic Arabs closely resembled the Greeks of the classical era in their ______.
a. / cultural unity but political fragmentation
b. / transition from polytheism to monotheism
c. / unity under the leadership of one main city-state
d. / development of a new system for rational inquiry
10. / Jesus and Muhammad differed most markedly in their ______.
a. / relationship with their god
b. / ability to gain a following
c. / challenges to religious authorities
d. / influence on a developing monotheism
11. / Muhammad was initially vehemently opposed by the Umayyads because he ______.
a. / weakened their position in Mecca
b. / rivaled their position as rulers of Arabia
c. / denied the importance of the Ka’ba, over which they had authority
d. / waged war on them
12. / Which of these best summarizes Muhammad’s approach to Judaism and Christianity?
a. / He felt they were misguided.
b. / He believed them to be as valid as Islam.
c. / He was committed to their destruction.
d. / He called for conversion of Jews and Christians.
13. / The division of the Muslim world in the late 600s reflected which of these characteristics of Islam?
a. / Succession to Muhammad was a vital component of the Muslim political world.
b. / Defeat in battle was taken for a sign that a ruler could not become caliph.
c. / The relatives of Muhammad came to dominate the Muslim world.
d. / Muslims were united in believing that any ruler must be a blood relative of Muhammad.
14. / Which of these can be considered a religious conflict?
a. / Ridda Wars
b. / the Battle of Siffin
c. / the attack at Karbala
d. / Battle of the River Zab
15. / Which of these facilitated Arab expansion across north Africa?
a. / division between Byzantine Orthodoxy and the Copts
b. / the fall of Rome to the Lombards
c. / the fall of Constantinople
d. / Muhammad’s alliance with the Berbers
16. / The term mawali is a reflection of ______.
a. / Arab dominance in the umma under the Umayyads
b. / Muslim tolerance for people of the book
c. / forced conversions under the Abbasids
d. / the loyalty of Muhammad’s earliest followers
17. / The Abbasid victory over the Umayyads signaled ______.
a. / the end of the Arab monopoly on power in Islam
b. / a Sunni victory over the Shi’a
c. / a shift of the center of Islam to the west
d. / a rejection of cultural borrowing from Persia
18. / As with the Mauryans, political centralization under the Abbasids was accompanied by ______.
a. / support for religious uniformity
b. / religious innovation
c. / support for religious diversity
d. / a period of religious ferment
19. / In terms of the connections of the Arab world with broader world networks, the Abbasid age represented a(n) ______of these links forged in the Umayyad age.
a. / intensification and expansion
b. / rejection
c. / continuation
d. / slow reversal
20. / Pre-Islamic Arabian society differed markedly from other societies discussed in the text because ______.
a. / nomads and urbanites formed a single culture
b. / nomads and town-dwellers lived in conflict
c. / the bedouins were pastoral nomads
d. / it was divided into pastoralists and town-dwellers
21. / Which of these was the greatest threat to the umma under the Umayyads?
a. / clan rivalries
b. / conflict between Arabs and non-Arabs
c. / Christianity
d. / invasion from Kush
22. / If the Abbasid triumph can be said to have ended the Arab monopoly on power and privilege in Muslim lands, which of these can be said to have helped Arabs hold onto their special position in Islam?
a. / the hajj
b. / the new capital at Damascus
c. / the Dome of the Rock
d. / Shi’a support for the Abbasids
23. / The place of the succession dispute in shaping the course of Islam was paralleled in Christianity by ______.
a. / debates over the nature of Christ
b. / conflicts over the date of Christ’s death
c. / the division between Peter and Paul
d. / the rivalry between Jerusalem and Rome
24. / Which of these best assesses the role of Abbasid scholars in the context of learning in the Middle East?
a. / preservation
b. / innovation
c. / destruction
d. / Ignorance
Chapter 8 Review
25. / Which of these ruled the Abbasid Empire from 1055, in the name of the caliphs?a. / Seljuk Turks
b. / Buyids
c. / the Umayyads
d. / Christian crusaders
26. / Whose court was reflected in the Thousand and One Nights?
a. / Harun al-Rashid
b. / al-Mahdi
c. / Mahmud of Ghazni
d. / Abu Bakr
27. / Which of these was an Islamic philosopher that attempted to reconcile the classical Greek heritage and the Muslim faith?
a. / al-Ghazali
b. / Hulegu
c. / Mahmud of Ghazni
d. / Salah-ud-Din
28. / What was the goal of the Crusades?
a. / to recapture the Christian Holy Land
b. / to drive the Muslims out of the Middle East
c. / to convert the Muslims of Jerusalem
d. / to replace the Abbasid emperor with a Christian
29. / Which of these established a Muslim realm in northwest India from the early eleventh century?
a. / Mahmud of Ghazni
b. / ibn Battuta
c. / Salah-ud-Din
d. / Chinggis Khan
30. / Which of these was a leading Muslim scholar in the area of chemistry?
a. / al-Biruni
b. / Firdawsi
c. / Harun al-Rashid
d. / al-Mahmun
31. / Which of these was a prominent female bhaktic poet?
a. / Mira Bai
b. / Kabir
c. / Krishna
d. / Omar Khayyam
32. / Which of these was at the center of a trading empire that was a smaller successor to Shrivijaya?
a. / Malacca
b. / Demak
c. / Sind
d. / Brunei
33. / Unlike the later Roman Empire, the late Abbasid Empire was strained by ______.
a. / massive building projects
b. / the expense of maintaining an army
c. / lack of revenue
d. / flight to avoid taxation
34. / The Abbasid Empire resembled the Roman Empire because both relied heavily on ______.
a. / slaves
b. / religious converts
c. / conquest
d. / import duties
35. / Of the splinter dynasties that ruled portions of the Abbasid empire, why was the rise of the Buyids most surprising?
a. / The Buyids captured and held Baghdad.
b. / The Buyids were Muslims.
c. / The Buyids were a branch of the Abbasid family.
d. / The Buyids ruled as sultans.
36. / Which of these best captures the impact of the Crusades?
a. / increased borrowing from East to West
b. / Christian dominance across much of the Middle East
c. / the end of Muslim-Christian animosity
d. / Persian borrowing from European technology
37. / The use of Arabic numerals in Europe is an illustration of the ______.
a. / role of the Middle East in transmitting cultures
b. / innovations of Abbasid intellectuals
c. / spread of mathematical knowledge from Greece to the Middle East
d. / support for learning of all kinds under the Abbasid caliphs
38. / The main concern of the ulama in challenging the Greek intellectual heritage in the Abbasid caliphate was the ______.
a. / Greek approach to knowledge
b. / pagan context in which Greek learning developed
c. / association of Greek culture with the conquests of Alexander the Great
d. / clash between Christian and Muslim doctrines
39. / Unlike Attila the Hun, the empire of Chinggis Khan ______.
a. / was more durable
b. / was centered on the Middle East
c. / was conquered in one lifetime
d. / stretched to central Europe
40. / Unlike Buddhism, Hinduism could not ______Islam.
a. / absorb
b. / coexist with
c. / compete with
d. / adopt elements of
41. / Like the Aryans, the Muslim invaders of India ______.
a. / brought lasting divisions to Indian society
b. / came in a campaign of conquest
c. / were actually migrating pastoralists
d. / brought a new culture
42. / The invasion of India by Mahmud of Ghazni was part of what larger pattern?
a. / repeated challenges to Abbasid rule by splinter dynasties
b. / the Ottoman invasions
c. / the Sunni-Shi’a split
d. / the shift from Umayyad to Abbasid rule
43. / Like the Aryan invaders, Muslim invaders of India ______.
a. / placed themselves in the higher orders of the caste system
b. / rejected the caste system
c. / generally flattened the caste system
d. / were absorbed into the caste system without changing it
44. / The introduction of Islam probably influence the bhakti cults because of Islam’s ______.
a. / belief in equality in religion
b. / monotheism
c. / tradition of poetry
d. / mystic traditions
45. / As in China, the spread of Islam was slow in southeast Asia because of the ______.
a. / earlier spread of Buddhism
b. / popularity of Hinduism
c. / isolation of these two regions
d. / dominance of Christianity in this region
46. / In “Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline of Empires,” which of these empires best matches the model created by Ibn Khaldun?
a. / the Mongol Empire
b. / the Roman Empire
c. / the Hunnic Empire
d. / the Han Empire
47. / Unlike the Germanic invasions, the Muslim invasions of the Middle East and India brought no significant change in material culture in these regions. The probable difference is that the ______.
a. / Arabs were a civilized people
b. / Germans brought a new, incompatible religion
c. / Arabs were more adept at conquest
d. / Germans arrived as migrants, not invaders
48. / Like the Aryans, the Muslim invaders of India______.
a. / remained socially distinct, yet became part of Indian culture
b. / destroyed the culture they encountered
c. / were absorbed by the culture they encountered
d. / brought their culture only to northern India
49. / The influence of Sufis on Muslim culture was strongest ______.
a. / from the ground up
b. / through court life
c. / from rulers to the ruled
d. / through the ulama
50. / Reconciling Hinduism and Islam in India was ______by the ulama.
a. / rendered more difficult
b. / made impossible
c. / facilitated
d. / achieved
51. / What cultural pattern, established in the Abbasid Empire, was seen in the spread of Islam to southeast Asia?
a. / Older gender traditions had an important influence on Muslim culture.
b. / The message of Muhammad concerning women prevailed wherever Islam spread.
c. / Islam was not capable of changing longstanding gender relations.
d. / Sufism was tolerant of preexisting traditions.
Chapter 9 Review
52. / Ifriqiya is the Arabic name for ______.a. / eastern north Africa
b. / central Africa
c. / the Swahili coast
d. / the Pacific coast of Africa
53. / Which of these was a Berber reformist movement that controlled regions into sub-Saharan Africa from the twelfth to the thirteenth centuries?
a. / Almohadis
b. / Almoravids
c. / Mahdists
d. / Dogons
54. / Sunni Ali was ruler of ______.
a. / Songhay
b. / Mali
c. / Kongo
d. / Great Zimbabwe
55. / Which of these was a great trading city of the Sudan and an important center of Islamic learning?
a. / Timbuktu
b. / Cairo
c. / Kilwa
d. / Mogadishu
56. / The Hausa are peoples of ______.
a. / Nigeria
b. / the Sahara
c. / the Swahili coast
d. / central Africa
57. / The demographic transition is marked by ______.
a. / a falling birth rate and rising infant survival rates
b. / population growth
c. / sharp population decline
d. / migration
58. / The position of the manikongo is evidence of the importance of ______in the kingdom of Kongo.
a. / ironworking
b. / herding
c. / gold mining
d. / warfare
59. / The Mwene Mutapa was the ruler of ______.
a. / Great Zimbabwe
b. / Ghana
c. / Malindi
d. / Songhay
60. / Like the pre-Columbian Andean societies, ______was the key unifying factor in African stateless societies.
a. / kinship
b. / religion
c. / secret societies
d. / commerce
61. / Ancestor veneration is an example of elements of African culture that were ______.
a. / both pervasive and enduring
b. / profoundly changed by Islam
c. / most associated with the Bantu migrations
d. / confined to coastal regions
62. / Which of these was probably the most important factor in the isolated development of Ethiopia?
a. / Christianity
b. / commerce
c. / a tradition of conquest
d. / geography
63. / In the authors’ analysis, the three African “coasts” are characterized by ______.
a. / lengthy regions of commercial and cultural exchange
b. / sea coasts near Arab trading
c. / Indian Ocean long-distance networks
d. / key points of penetration of Islam into the interior of Africa
64. / The advent of Islam in Africa, as in India, brought ______.
a. / new lines of fracture to society there
b. / the first civilization in each area
c. / the first substantial contact with the Silk Road
d. / the first writing system
65. / Songhay resembled Mali because both empires ______.
a. / relied on trade
b. / had their capitals at Timbuktu
c. / were founded by Berbers
d. / controlled the Niger River
66. / The place of the Bantu in African history is roughly equivalent to that of the ______history.
a. / Aryans in Euro-Asian
b. / Persians in Middle East
c. / Buddhists in Asian
d. / Romans in Mediterranean
67. / Unlike the Shi’a, the Almoravids represent ______.
a. / a group defined by their theology
b. / the product of a succession dispute
c. / Islam
d. / a division within Islam
68. / As in India, Muslims in Africa came to occupy ______.
a. / elite social positions
b. / positions as slaves
c. / an isolated merchant class
d. / the role of scholars
69. / In Africa, kingship was fostered by ______.
a. / the Bantu migrations and Islam
b. / commerce and slavery
c. / oral traditions and the gold trade
d. / Indian Ocean trade
Chapter 10 Review
70. / The term tsar was the Slavic version of ______.a. / Caesar
b. / Tatar
c. / boyar
d. / Mostar
71. / An icon is an image of a ______.
a. / religious figure
b. / cross
c. / king
d. / holy site
72. / Constantinople was captured by the Turks in what century?
a. / fifteenth
b. / eleventh
c. / thirteenth
d. / seventeenth
73. / Which of these was Catholic by about 1000?
a. / Poland
b. / Serbia
c. / Russia
d. / Greece
74. / The traders who founded Kiev were from ______.
a. / Scandinavia
b. / the Slav homeland
c. / Constantinople
d. / Persia
75. / The leader of Kievan Rus’ who first converted to Christianity was ______.
a. / Vladimir I
b. / Yaroslav
c. / Rurik
d. / Michael
76. / The boyars were Russia’s______.
a. / nobles
b. / peasants
c. / military leaders
d. / church leaders
77. / Which of these led to the idea that Russia was the third Rome?
a. / the fall of Constantinople
b. / the baptism of Vladimir
c. / the Mongol conquest of Russia
d. / the schism between Catholicism and Orthodoxy
78. / From about 500 to 1000, compared to western Europe, the Byzantine Empire was ______.
a. / more stable
b. / more vulnerable to invasion
c. / fragmented
d. / more Christian
79. / The choice of Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire was______split between Rome and Constantinople.
a. / a stage in the growing
b. / the final act in the
c. / the first step in the
d. / a move that healed the
80. / Belisarius’s campaigns in western Europe indicated that ______.
a. / political power there was too fragmented to revive Roman rule
b. / the Germanic kingdoms were too stable to be dislodged
c. / hostility towards Christians was strong
d. / the military power of the Byzantine Empire was declining
81. / The Arab conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries had what impact on the split between the two halves of the former Roman Empire?
a. / increased it
b. / made it irreparable
c. / began it
d. / temporarily ended it
82. / What did the defeat of Bulgaria mean for Constantinople?
a. / a stronger northern boundary
b. / the hostility of Kievan Rus’
c. / a great expansion of territory to the north
d. / vulnerability to Arab expansion
83. / Hagia Sophia was like Justinian’s law code in that both signified ______.
a. / a shift in direction for Roman culture
b. / the end of the Roman Empire
c. / a sharp break with Roman traditions
d. / the new role of Christianity in the Roman world
84. / In the schism that developed between the eastern and western churches, the debate over communion bread can be characterized as______.
a. / a trigger
b. / a profound difference in doctrine
c. / an excuse
d. / irrelevant
85. / The Fourth Crusade, in 1204, ______the division between eastern and western Christianity.
a. / deepened
b. / lessened
c. / inaugurated
d. / ended
86. / The mission of Cyril and Methodius had the effect of ______.
a. / extending the influence of the Byzantine church
b. / driving a wedge between Russia and Constantinople
c. / separating Russia from the rest of Europe
d. / making Russia vulnerable to the Mongol assault
87. / In what sense were the kingdoms of eastern Europe borderlands?
a. / They were an area were western and eastern traditions mingled.
b. / They prevented the Huns and Mongols from invading western Europe.
c. / They were the traditional division between the eastern and western Roman Empire.
d. / They were the boundary between Christianity and Islam.
88. / The conversion of Vladimir differed markedly from the conversion of Constantine because ______.
a. / Vladimir’s conversion was key to the conversion of Russia
b. / Constantine converted to Orthodoxy
c. / Constantine converted only for political convenience
d. / Vladimir converted only after most of Russia was already Christian
89. / The relationship between Kiev and Constantinople was very similar to the relationship between ______.
a. / Japan and China
b. / the Abbasids and Persia
c. / Rome and Greece
d. / Macedonia and the Persian Empire
90. / The growth and dominance of Kiev was largely dependent on ______.
a. / trade
b. / territorial expansion
c. / an alliance with Constantinople
d. / the Mongol invasion
91. / The decline of Kiev proved that city’s close connection to ______.
a. / Constantinople
b. / central Europe
c. / Scandinavia
d. / Rome
92. / Which of these provides the best explanation of the survival of the Byzantine Empire, long after Rome itself had fallen?
a. / a long and unbroken history of Greek civilization
b. / the end of the threat of invasion
c. / the spread of Christianity in the eastern Roman Empire
d. / the spread of Latin in the 500s
93. / The role of Justinian in the history of the Byzantine Empire was most similar to the role of ______.
a. / Augustus in the Roman Empire
b. / Shi Huangdi in the Qin Empire
c. / Asoka in the Mauryan Empire
d. / Muhammad in the Arab Empire
94. / The spread of Christianity to Russia most resembles the spread of ______.
a. / Buddhism to Japan
b. / Buddhism in India
c. / Islam in Arabia
d. / Christianity in the Roman Empire
95. / Looking at Map 14.3, “East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion,” which of these is illustrated by the position of Kiev?
a. / Russia’s orientation towards the Byzantine Empire
b. / the role of trade in linking Kiev to other major cities
c. / the expansion of Russian civilization from Kiev outward
d. / the historic link between Kiev and Moscow
96. / Like the Mongol influence elsewhere, the Tatars in Russia can be said to have been ______.
a. / more disruptive than destructive
b. / a positive influence on Russian culture
c. / of little impact
d. / the end of Russian culture
Chapter 11 Review
97. / Which of these was the first Frankish monarch to convert to Christianity?a. / Clovis
b. / Charlemagne
c. / Charles Martel
d. / Lothair
98. / Which of these was a Frankish king best known for his defeat of a Muslim army in 732?
a. / Charles Martel
b. / Charlemagne
c. / Charles the Bald
d. / Louis the Fat
99. / About what percent of the European population was urban in the 1200s?
a. / 5 percent
b. / 15 percent
c. / 25 percent
d. / 35 percent
100. / The Magna Carta was signed by ______in 1215.
a. / John
b. / Urban II
c. / Charlemagne
d. / Gregory VII
101. / The Hundred Years’ War was fought by ______.
a. / France and England
b. / France and the papacy
c. / England and the Holy Roman Empire
d. / the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire
102. / Which of these men was the most important of the scholastic philosophers?
a. / Thomas Aquinas
b. / Jacques Coeur
c. / Urban II
d. / Ibn-Rushd
103. / Which of these was a code of behavior of Europe’s upper class?
a. / chivalry
b. / manorialism
c. / scholasticism
d. / Cluny
104. / Over most of Christian Europe, between 500 and 700, ______nearly came to an end.
a. / civilization
b. / the Roman Empire
c. / the Catholic Church
d. / farming
105. / Unlike slaves, serfs ______.
a. / were nominally free
b. / were free to travel
c. / had an easier life
d. / were usually well educated
106. / Which of these had the same effect on rural life as the moldboard?
a. / the three-field system
b. / the Black Death
c. / the investiture controversy
d. / manorialism
107. / Which of these areas was most urbanized by about 1000?
a. / Italy
b. / Germany
c. / England
d. / Ireland
108. / Which of these helped free kings from dependence on the nobility?
a. / a monetary economy
b. / the Viking invasions
c. / manorialism
d. / frequent warfare
109. / Which of these was achieved with the Magna Carta?
a. / legal limits on royal power
b. / the notion of equality under the law
c. / legal guarantees for all English people
d. / limits on nobles’ privileges
110. / Unlike the early Arab expansion under Muhammad, the Crusades can be characterized as ______.
a. / holy war
b. / successful
c. / aggressive
d. / warfare
111. / Like the earlier Germanic migrations into the Roman Empire, the Viking raids ended ______.
a. / with settlement in western Europe
b. / when defensive walls were erected
c. / in violent battles
d. / when the raids were turned towards Constantinople
112. / Which of these was the main goal of Gregory VII in his struggle with Henry IV?
a. / freeing the church from secular control
b. / asserting the authority of the popes over kings
c. / ending church taxes
d. / reforming religious doctrine
113. / Why was the work of Arab scholars so useful to men such as Thomas Aquinas?
a. / Arab scholars had already tried to reconcile faith and the Greek rational approach to knowledge.
b. / Arab scholars had made much greater progress in the sciences than Europeans.
c. / The geographic knowledge of Arab scholars was useful in developing trade routes.
d. / The work of Arab scholars provided new translations of Augustine and other church fathers.
114. / Popular literature of the Middle Ages was more likely to be written in ______.
a. / French than Latin
b. / Latin than Greek
c. / Greek than French
d. / English than French
115. / Medieval cathedrals and Umayyad mosques were most similar in ______.
a. / their prominent place in the urban landscape
b. / being pilgrimage destinations
c. / serving as educational centers
d. / their use of innovative architectural techniques
116. / The guilds and the Hanseatic League were alike in being ______.
a. / organizations formed to increase cooperation and promote business
b. / defensive alliances
c. / primarily motivated by spiritual goals
d. / associations organized by occupation
117. / Which of these patterns was illustrated by the results of the Hundred Years’ War?
a. / Kings generally gain from a weakened nobility.
b. / The growth of towns challenges royal authority
c. / A strong centralized church limits royal power.
d. / Religious division adds to royal power.
118. / Which of these was a sign of the transformation of medieval culture in the fourteenth century?
a. / the election of rival popes
b. / the arrival of the Black Death
c. / the life of Clare of Assisi
d. / the rise of guilds
119. / In the document “European Travel: A Monk Visits Jerusalem,” which of these is illustrated?
a. / Muslim respect for dhimmis
b. / the First Crusade
c. / the isolation of medieval Europe
d. / Christian hostility towards Muslims
120. / The writings and approach of Peter Abelard drew criticism because of his critique of ______.
a. / accepted religious doctrine
b. / scripture
c. / the pope’s authority
d. / the role of monks
121. / In medieval Europe, women arguably had ______than women in contemporary Asia.
a. / more freedom of movement
b. / more legal rights
c. / more equality in religion
d. / a lower social status
122. / The impact of the Black Death can best be assessed as ______.
a. / catastrophic but without permanent results
b. / devastating enough to transform European culture
c. / bringing about the end of medieval civilization
d. / not important enough to have damaged medieval culture
Vocabulary