Six Kingdoms of Living Things: Notes

Six Kingdoms of Living Things: Notes

Kingdom is the highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. There are 6 kingdoms in taxonomy. Every living thing comes under one of these 6 kingdoms. The six kingdoms are Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

History

Until the 20th century, most biologists considered all living things to be classifiable as either a plant or an animal. But in the 1950s and 1960s, most biologists came to the realization that this system failed to accommodate the fungi, protists, and bacteria.

By the 1970s, a system of Five Kingdoms had come to be accepted as the model by which all living things could be classified.

At a more fundamental level, a distinction was made between the prokaryotic bacteria and the four eukaryotic kingdoms (plants, animals, fungi, & protists).

The distinction recognizes the common traits that eukaryotic organisms share, such as nuclei, cytoskeletons, and internal membranes.

Although many books and articles still refer to them as "Archaebacteria", that term has been abandoned because they aren't bacteria -- they're Archaea.

Retrieved 4/30/14

Description / Ability to make food / Number of cells / Examples
Archea / Extreme salty water, sewer, acid, thermal
Microspcopic
3.5 billion years old
No oxygen / Decomposers: Get energy from other organisms
Autotrophs: Make own food from chemicals / Unicellular
Prokaryotes (simple cells no nucleus) / Methanogens: Create methane
Halophiles: High Salt
Thermophiles: Heat
Eubacteria / Live Everywhere, EXCEPT extreme environments, including on you.
Harmful and beneficial / Autotrophs
Some photosynthetic:
Some absorb food
Decomposers / Unicellular
Prokaryotes (simple cells no nucleus) / E Coli
Salmonella
Protista / Odds and ends kingdom members are different / Some autotrophic
Some heterotrophic
Some animal like, plant-like,fungi like. / Unicellularand Multi cellular
All Eukaryote (Complex with nucleus and organelles) / Paramecium
Algae
Kelp
Fungi / Fungi 'eat' by releasing enzymes to break down nutrients then absorb.
Fungi always live in and on their food. / Absorptive heterotrophs / Unicellular (yeast only)
Rest are multicellular
All Eukaryote / Mushrooms
Mold
Yeast
Mildew
Plantae / Photosynthesis
12 major groups or Phyla
Classified by tissue, seed and stature / Autotrophs
Producer
Plants are autotrophs
Make their own food / Multicellular consists of complex cells.
Eukaryote / Eelgrass
Animalia / Oxygen
Grow
Reproduce
Over 2 mill species / All Heterotrophs
Consumers:
Herbivores, omnivores and carnivores / Multicellular
Eukaryote / Seal otter
Chinook salmon
Geoduck
Bald Eagle

Animalia

All animals are multicellular and Eukaryotes

All animals are consumers

Invertebrate
No Backbone
32 Phylum / Vertebrate
Backbone
Phylum: Chordata
Classification / Description / Example / Classification / Description / Example
Phylum
Cnidaria
(Coelenterata) / Aquatic
One opening for anus and mouth
No brain or heart / Sea anemones
Coral
Jellyfish / Class Amphibia / Water/land
Cold-blooded (ecto)
Metamorphosis
Breathes thru skin / Frogs
Salamanders
newts
Phylum
Annelida / Aquatic and terrestrial
Segemented worms / Earthworm
Leech
Earthworm / Class Aves / Feathers, wings hollow bones, eggs / Owl, Eagle, Osprey
Phylum Arthropoda / Diverse
Exoskeleton
Segmented body
JointedAppendages / Centipedes, Spiders, Scorpions, Insects and Crustaceans. / Class Osteichthyes / Bony Fish 96%
Gills
Cold Blooded (ecto) / Salmon
Shark
Trout
Phylum
Mollusca / Soft body
Most hard shell
No legs
Tentacles / Squids
Octopus
Snails
Slug / Class
Reptilia / Cold-blooded (ecto)
Scales
Lungs for breathing / Turtles
Lizards, snakes
Crocodiles
Phylum
Echinodermata / Endoskeleton
No blood!
Tiny feet all over / Starfish
Class
Mammalia / Warm-blooded (endo)
Milk
Hair / Seal harbor
Human
Bear
Phylum
Porifera / No organs
Simplest animal / Sponges