Course Overview, Assessment of Student Interests, Experience, and Student Responsibilities

PRR 842 – Course SchedulePage 1

Jan. 10, class 1:

Course overview, assessment of student interests, experience, and student responsibilities

An understanding of the policy formation process is critical-- policy formation and political processes and the participants in these processes; the role of the resource professional, the politician, agencies, interest groups, the media; implications of emerging trend toward participatory government and shared decision making

Jan. 17, class 2:
Setting the stage (the historical perspective)

Nonhuman aspects of ecosystems interact with different human groups with different values at different times (cf. Clive ponting, 1991, a green history of the world)--result is different patterns of land use and environmental impact. In U.S.., one such pattern is reflected in public land and water resources.

Public land -- public land became national parks, national forests, rangeland, wilderness, water resources; radical but not initially based on environmentalism

Agencies that manage these lands/waters--different histories, philosophies, policies; all have a recreation mandate and recreation (no. Of visitors) is increasing; recreation serves one set of needs, but other resource users have different needs (e.g., subsistence, energy, profit)

Class 2, required readings:

/ Wellman and Propst, chapters. 1 & 2
/ Cubbage et al., CH. 1 (pp. 3-10 and 16-21), CH. 4, Appendix A

Class 2, background readings

Cubbage, rest of CH. 1 and CHs. 5-11 (that’s a lot but it gives an overview of one direction this class could go or where you may wish to do additional research) (see instructor)
Kelman, s. 1987. Making public policy: a hopeful view of American government. New York: basic
Jones, c.o. 1977. An introduction to the study of public policy, 2nd ed. North Scituate, ma: Duxburg
Jenkins, W.I. 1978. Policy analysis: a political and organizational perspective. New York: st. Martin’s.
Patton and Sawicki. 1986. Basic methods of policy analysis and planning. Englewood cliffs, NJ: prentice-hall.
ReiCH, R.B. (1988). The power of public ideas. Cambridge, ma: Harvard university press.
Stillman, R.J. 1996. The American bureaucracy: the core of modern government, 2nd. Ed. Chicago: nelson-hall.

Jan. 24, Class 3:

A. Wilderness/parks/recreation resources are social & political constructions of reality--why it is imperative to know historic and current values of diverse peoples toward land and resources; cultural variations in meanings associated with "park", "wilderness" & "resource."
B. Evolution of the national park idea in the U.S., as a case in point
C. Use of course website (move to computer lab for this part)

Class 3, required readings:

/ Wellman and Propst, CH. 3
/ Cubbage, CH. 12 --note: if you are well-versed in the history of U.S. Public lands policy and the federal land/water management agencies, skim up to p. 316; all should read pp. 316-323 in detail. (consider replacing with Loomis, CH. 2 in 2004)
/ Propst, "key definitions" and website: www2.nature.nps.gov/stats/sitemap.htm
/ Watkins, father of the forests sellars, roots of national park management

Class 3, background readings:

Bureau of land management, pp. 120-130 and chronology (handout)
Loomis, CH. 2, laws and agencies governing federal land management.
Burnham, p. Indian country, god's country: native Americans and the national parks
Fairfax, differences between U.S. Forest service and BLM (handout)
Dana and fairfax, CHs. 1 through 5 and appendix 1
ErCHant, c. Problems in American environmental history
Kaufman, p. National parks and the woman's voice: a history
Wellman and Propst, CH. 4, "Roots of policy: romantic preservation" Doell and Twardzik, CH. 2--history of parks

Jan. 31 and Feb. 7, classes 4 and 5:

Human use of park & other natural resources creates challenges & conflicts that become policies--preservation vs. use dilemma; development pressures around the boundaries; concessionaires; visitor impacts on natural & cultural resources; meeting subsistence needs of local human groups

Class 4, required readings:

/ Runte (text): preface (note: save preface to 3rd edition until class 6), prologue, and chapters 1 through 5.

Class 4, background readings:

Nye, CH. 6--the American view of nature (see instructor)
Albright, excerpts from oh, ranger! (see instructor)
Runte--national forests-- foreword, preface and pp. 1-62, except skip chapter 2--highly recommended, readable, well-illustrated history of conservation, sustainability and multiple use management (out of print--see instructor)
Wellman and Propst, CHs. 7 and 8 --history of wilderness in the us Rudzitis, CHs. 1 and 2 -- good for those who need a refresher on the history of wilderness policies in the U.S.; ties more to management than Wellman
Dana and Fairfax, CHs. 6, 7 & 8
Mackintosh, pp. 6-61 Foresta, pp. 1-57
Everhart, pp. 1-30 (see instructor)
Albright, Horace m., as told to Robert Cahn. 1985. The birth of the national park service: the founding years, 1913-33. Salt lake city: Howe brothers sb482.a4 a367
Garrison, Lemuel a. 1983. The making of a ranger: forty years with the national parks. Salt lake city: Howe brothers. Sb482.a4 g37
Shankland, Robert. 1970. Steve Mather of the national parks. 3rd. Ed. New York: Alfred a knopf. Sb482.a4 s48
Wirth, Conrad l. 1987. Parks, politics and the people. Norman, ok: Univ. Of Oklahoma press. Sb482.a4 w57
Linenthal, e.t. 1991. Sacred ground: Americans and their battlefields. Urbana, IL: Univ. Of Illinois press. (see instructor)
Sellars, preserving nature in the national parks -- preface, introduction, chapters 1-3

Class 5, required readings :

/ Runte, chapters 6 through 9
/ Saunier and Meganck (eds.), CH. 1: conservation of biodiversity and the new regional planning
/ Runte, chapters 10 and 11 (text)
/ Hartzog, William--excerpts from battling for the national parks
/ Wagner et al. , wildlife policies in the U.S. National parks, pp. 3-5 and pp. 10-43
/ Wellman and Propst, wildland recreation policy, CH. 8 -- wildland recreation policy in the urban setting
/ Rudzitis, CH. 4--"what about native Americans and their lands?"
/ Green, m. 1998. "whose woods these are?" nature conservancy, July/August: 13-17.

Class 5, background readings:

Mackintosh, appendix, pp. 112-121 (see instructor)
Runte--national forests--pp. 62 to end of book (out of print--see instructor)
Nat’l. Park service--"rec. Visits by classification" & "criteria for parklands"
(websites: www2.nature.nps.gov/stats/sitemap.htm
Dana and Fairfax, CHs. 11 and 12 (see instructor)
Macintosh, pp. 62-109 (see instructor)
Foresta, CH. 5, history policy (see instructor)
Sellars, preserving nature in the national parks -- chapters 4 & 5
Sellars, preserving nature in the national parks, CH. 6, pp. 204-243.
Barbee/Chase/Barbee--"dear concerned citizen",
Chase’s "the grizzly and the juggernaut" and Barbee’s detailed response (see instructor)
National park service, 1988 management policies (see instructor)
Foresta, "urban national parks"--read pp. 169-189 and p. 220 starting with "one should..." to the end; skim the rest
Chase, Alston. Playing god in Yellowstone. (check out from library or borrow)
Chase, Alston. How to save our national parks (see instructor)
Lister and Lister. Those who came before: southwestern archaeology in the national park system. (see instructor)

February. 14 & 21, classes 6 and 7:

Increasing population, external threats & boundaries created on the "worthless lands" premise necessitate a policy shift toward ecosystem management; parks and protected areas often serve as the "core" in regional conservation efforts; however, ecosystem management is poorly understood, difficult to implement, and is doomed to fail unless human communities participate (examples of how human communities can and do participate).

Class 6, required readings:

/ Runte, preface to 3rd Edition.(text)
/ Freemuth, j. 1989. The National parks: political vs. Professional determinants of policy. Public admin. Review, 49: 278-86.
/ Grumbine. 1994. What is ecosystem management?
/ Freemuth, j. 1996. Emergence of ecosystem management: reinterpreting the gospel? Society and natural resources, 9:411-417.
/ Maser, CH. 16, sustainable forestry through adaptive ecosystem management
/ Cortner and Moote. "Ecosystem management: political challenges for managers and scientists.
/ Saunier and Meganck, CH. 5, an ecosystem approach to regional planning.
/ Glick & Clark. 1998. Overcoming boundaries: the greater Yellowstone ecosystem

Class 6, background readings

Miller, Ecosystems: "Types, Components & Energy Flows" -- good refresher for those of you who have forgotten what an ecosystem is
Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, pp. 243-266.
Wagner et al., CH. 6--"Ecological terms and concepts that influence policy decisions" -- very important reading if you are not familiar with the scientific meaning of terms like carrying capacity, natural regulation, the role of predation, 'natural', and process management.
Mebratu, D. 1998. Sustainability and sustainable development: historical and conceptual review. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 18(6): pp. 493-520. Available online
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey (1980). "F.V. Hayden and the Founding of Yellowstone"
Stanfield, R. 1988. Step in or stay out. National Journal, 20:48
Clark & Zaunbrecher, "The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem"
Blonston, G. 1985. "Parks: Yellowstone tries for regional effort for ecological balance." Detroit Free Press, Sunday, July 21: 1B, 4B.
Varley, "Status of Yellowstone Fire Plan"
Key, "Bureaucratic Ecology "
Houston, "Ecosystems of National Parks." Science.
Thomson, R.W. 1995. Ecosystem management: Great idea, but what is it, will it work, who will pay? Natural Resources and Environment, 9(3): 42-?
Aley, J., Burch, W.R., Conover, B., Field, D. (eds.) (1999). Ecosystem management: Adaptive strategies for natural resources organizations in the 21st Century. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Van de Wetering, S. (2001). Bitterroot Grizzly Bear Reintroduction: Management by Citizen Committee? In Across the Great Divide.
Cromley, C.M. (2000). The Killing of Grizzly Bear 209: Identifying Norms for Grizzly Bear Management. CH. 8 in Foundations of Natural Resources Policy and Management.

Class 7, required readings:

/ Clarke and McCool--chapters 1 and 2 (Text: Staking Out the Terrain)
/ Rudzitis, CH. 3 -- Ecosystem management and beyond
/ Stolzenburg, W. 1999. Enemies of diversity. Nature Conservancy: January/February
/ Furze, B. 1996.--Intro. and CH. 1, "Frameworks for understanding conservation and development through protected areas"
/ Brick et al. 2001. Foreword and pp. 1-11 in Across the Great Divide: Explorations in Collaborative Conservation and the American West.
/ Lins, Community Development and the NPS

Class 7, background readings

Field, D.R. & Burch, W.R. Jr. (1988). Rural Sociology and the Environment. New York: Greenwood Press.
MaCHlis, G.E. and Field, D.R. (Eds.). (2000). National Parks and Rural Development: Practice and Policy in the United States.
Propst and McDonough. 1999. "The role of manager and visitor self-interest in wilderness management: The case of Nordhouse Dunes and the limits of acceptable CHange process", manuscript submitted to International Journal of Wilderness.
McCay, B.J. and Jentoft, S. 1996. From the bottom up: Participatory issues in fisheries management. Society and Natural Resources, 9(3): 237-51.
West and Brechin, Resident Peoples and National Parks (excellent set of case studies!)
Programs from 1996, 1998, 2000 Society and Natural Resources Symposium--Penn State, Univ. of Missouri, Western Washington Univ.
Kaplan & Kaplan, CH. 10--Participation in environmental design & decision
Grove, N. 1990. "Greenways: Paths to the future." National Geographic 177(6).
MacDonald, L. 1993. "Greenways: Parks for the 21st Century." Urban Forests (June-July). American Forestry Association.

February 28, class 8:

Is Alaska an "exception" or "the rule"? National parks and recreation resources in a contemporary world; what does the future hold in store in terms of local cultures and resource management? The issue in Alaska goes beyond subsistence toward a larger policy paradigm shift.

Class 8, required readings:

/ Runte, CH. 12 and Epilogue
/ McPhee, Excerpts from Coming Into the Country
/ Notzke, C. 1999. Aboriginal community involvement in wildlife tourism: The Canadian experience. CH. 4 in Community-based Wildlife Management in Canada.
/ Propst--Alaska Trivia (handout)
/ West and Brechn, Resident Peoples and Protected Areas (pp. 1-28 in Resident Peoples and National Parks)
/ Peterson and Johnson, CHs. 12 (West--Global Warming and Conflict Mgt.) and 14 (Wiener--Common Property Resource Mgt.) 17 (Bosworth--Biology, Politics and Culture) in Human Ecology and Climate change

Class 8, backgound readings:

Lemonick--The Two Alaskas (Reserve)
Nash, R. Wilderness and the American Mind, CHs. 14 and 16

Mar. 7 and 14, classes 10 and 11:

How to "extend the boundaries"--land transfers, greenlining, zoning and other land regulations, land use planning, biosphere reserves, interagency cooperation, partnerships, cooperative resource management--all might be considered elements of ecosystem management, but are they enough? What else can we learn from other experiences around the world? (Transitioning to the international experience with parks and protected areas)

Class 9, required readings:

/ Clarke and McCool--chapters 3 and 4 (Text)
/ Hirner and Mertes, Greenlining
/ National Public Radio, 10/25/96, "Building on the Environment, part 3", 2pp.
/ Canzanelli, L. and Reynolds, M. 1996. Negotiated rule making as a resource and visitor management tool. Park Science, 16(2): 3pp.
/ National Public Radio, 9/25/96, "Feds to mediate in Minnesota Boundary Waters dispute", 1p.
/ Edwards, E. 1997. Churning the waters. Traverse, May: 18.

Class 9, background readings:

Parker & Ravenscroft. 1999. Benevolence, nationalism and hegemony: 50 years of the National Parks & Access to the Countryside Act 1949 (UK). Leisure Studies, 18(4): 297-314.
Clarke and McCool--Chapter 5 (Text)
Little, Charles E. 1995. Greenways for America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zion, Grand Canyon Congressional Briefings, Bighorn Canyon Mgt. Zone Map (handout)
First World Conference on National Parks, pp. 1-61
Peterson and Johnson, CH. 18 (Price) in Human Ecology and Climate CHange
Everhart, Parks Around the World
Soule and Terborgh. 2001. Continental Conservation: Scientific Foundations of Regional Reserve Networks. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Class 10, required readings:

/ West and Brechin, Resident Peoples and National Parks, last CHapter
/ Peck, S. 1998. Chapter 5: Reserve Design. Pp. 89-114in S. Peck. Planning for biodiversity: Issues and examples. Washington, DC: Island Press.
/ Usher. 1995. Comanagement of natural resources: Some aspects of the Canadian experience. CH. 13 in Peterson & Johnson, Human Ecology & Climate Change.
/ McKinney. 2001. "What do we mean by consensus?" Pp. 33-44 in Across the Great Divide: Explorations in Collaborative Conservation & the American West.
/ Howard and Magretta, "Surviving Success..."
/ Holing, D. "The coastal sage scrub solution"
/ Crowe, D.M. & Shryer, J. 1995. Eco-colonialism. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 23(1): 26-30.

Class 10, background readings:

Saunier and Meganck, CHs. 4, 7, 10 in Conservation for Biodiversity and the New Regional Planning. IUCN.
Furze, B. 1996. CH. 2--"Conserving biodiversity, protected areas & local development"
Furze, B. 1996, CHs. 9 and 10, "Local level management of resources" and "Biosphere reserves"--two models of mgt. based on the authors’ thesis
Nat’l. Park Service. 1991. Challenges and Strategies for the 21st Century: Draft Reports. Nat’l. Park Service 75th Anniversary Symposium, Vail, CO.
Sax, J.L. and R.B. Keiter. 1987. Glacier National Park and its Neighbors: A Study in Federal Interagency Relations. Ecology Law Quarterly, 14(2): 207-63.
Ravenscroft, N. 1994. "Partnership in the provision of recreational access: The reconstruction of the public interest in private land in England and Wales." Proceedings, 5th International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Mgt."
Macintosh, B. 1991. C & O Canal: The Making of a Park (borrow from library)
Rudzitis--CHs. 5 & 7, "Why not sell off America’s wildlands?" and "Wilderness and the communities of the American West"

March. 21, class 12:

Who really creates the tragedy of the commons? The people, the agencies/organizations, the managers, or the institutions? Garrett Hardin updates and perspectives.

Class 11, required readings:

/ Clarke & McCool, Chapter 6 (Text)
/ Feeny et al. 1990. The tragedy of the commons: 22 years later. Human Ecology 18(1): 1- 19.
/ Doble, J. and A. Richardson. 1992. You don’t have to be a rocket scientist...Technology Review, January: 51-54.
/ Propst and McDonough. 1999. "The role of manager and visitor self-interest in wilderness management: The case of Nordhouse Dunes and the limits of acceptable change process."
/ Moore. 2001. "What is community?" Pp. 71-75 in Across the Great Divide: Explorations in Collaborative Conservation & the American West.
/ Cronon, W. 1995. The trouble with wilderness. The New York Times Magazine, Aug. 16, 1995, section 6.
/ McNeely, J.A. 1995. Preface and CH. 1, "Partnerships for conservation"
/ Brunson, Mark. 1998. Social dimensions of boundaries: Balancing cooperation and self-interest.
/ Pecore, M. 1992. Menominee sustained yield management: a successful ethic in practice. Journal of Forestry: July

Class 11, background readings:

Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons--A classic. If you haven’t already, you should take the time to read it now! (see me for a copy)
Edney, J.J. 1980. The commons problem: Alternative perspective. American Psychologist, 35(2): 131-150 (read pp. 131-132; rest is optional)
DeYoung and Kaplan. 1988. On averting the tragedy of the commons. Environmental Management, 12(3): 273-283.
Maser, Sustainable Forestry, CH. 3--The dysfunctional agency
Behn, R. (1988). Management by groping along. J. of Policy Analysis & Mgt., 7(4), 643- 663 (excerpt pp. 643-650)
Lindblom, C. (1979). Still muddling, not yet through. Public Administration Review. Nov/Dec. 517-526
Perloff, R. 1987. Self-interest and the personal responsibility redux. American Psychologist, 42(1): 3-11.
McNeely (Editor), CHs. 21, 22, 23 -- all are about the role of NGO’s in the management of protected areas.
Kunioka, T. and Rothenberg, L.S. 1993. The politics of bureaucratic competition: The case of natural resource policy. Journal of Public Policy Analysis and Management, 12(4): 700-25.
Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ostrom, E., Gardner, R., & Walker, J. 1994. Rules, games, and common-pool resources. Ann Arbor, MI: University of MiCHigan Press.

March 28 & April 4, classes 13 and 14:

Policy, planning and management are all interconnected--what are some of these relationships? What are the roles of managers, agencies and organizations? Examples from the U.S. And other countries (some of these examples were provided in previous readings as well)

Classes 12 required readings

/ Loomis, Integrated Public Lands Management: CHs. 1 (pp. 1-16) and 13 (pp. 406-424)
/ Wellman and Propst, CH. 10 -- "Management: Today's Policy Frontier" and CH. 11 -- "Management: Realities and Methods of Policy Implementation"
/ "Comparison of Approaches to Public Lands Planning". Trends, 1987 (note: it's ok to skim this quickly and just get an overview of the differences)
/ Nelson and Weschler. 1996. "Whose Planning Perspective?" Proceedings, 6th International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Mgt."
/ Mertes, J. 1996. Park, recreation, open space and greenway planning guidelines: A paradigm for the future. American Academy for Park & Recreation Administration Bulletin, May: 3-4.
/ Bureau of Land Management. 1996. Wilderness management: Proposed rule. Federal Register, 61(245): 66968-66974. (note: just skim to see what a "proposed rule" entails).

Class 13 required readings: