Chapter 3: Development

Chapter 3: Development

Before You Start ...

STUDENT CHOICE /OPEN ANSWERS

May include:

(a)foreground: low buildings; crowded; ramshackle; unplanned; few window; no privacy; corrugated iron roofs.

(b)background: high rise, tower blocks; apartments/flats; modern; planned; concrete; glass; good quality of life; clean; expensive.

With money people can afford good homes and the resources they need, plus access to healthcare and education – this means they have a good quality of life and level of development.

(a)e.g.

•People feel safe and happy

•People have choice and rights e.g. freedom to vote, express opinions.

•They are not discriminated against because of their ethnicity, religious beliefs or gender.

(b)It is not always easy to measure well-being, as some of the factors e.g. feeling safe, are subjective/personal opinion.

Development indicators are objective and can be measured e.g. life expectancy, wealth, number of doctors. Indicators can be compared across different countries, helping assess the overall level of development

(a)STUDENT CHOICE /OPEN ANSWERS

(b)They are scavenging on a rubbish tip for anything they or their families can use or sell – e.g. scraps of food or metal

(a) STUDENT CHOICE /OPEN ANSWERS

e.g. a factory producing clothing (textiles); workers sat in lines at sewing machines.

(b)(Should refer to Fig 3 not Fig 1) It is secondary industry – a factory manufacturing goods, possibly set up by a TNC and/or exporting finished goods. A move from primary to secondary industry is often a clear sign that a country (LDC) is developing and improving its economy, becoming a NIC.

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STUDENT CHOICE /OPEN ANSWERS

3.1 Measuring Development: HDI, pages 64-65

(i)quality of life: how good or bad someone’s standard of living/ well-being is

(ii)equality of access : whether it is easy (or not)to get the things needed e.g. for a good quality of life

(a)STUDENT CHOICE

Should note that this is cattle farmer in a rural part of India (Rajasthan) who has access to and is using a mobile phone. Low tech v high tech?

(b)STUDENT CHOICE

GNPWorth of all the goods and services produced

GDPWorth of goods, services and overseas earnings adjusted for greater accuracy

GNIWorth of goods, services and earnings from abroad

Per person /per head of population

In the past development was measured by looking at the wealth of a country – a single economic indicator. It did not take account of well-being or general quality of life –which can partly be measured by looking at e.g. life expectancy and access to education.

Type of indicator / Description / Example(s)
economic / Measurement of wealth = the worth of the goods, services and overseas earnings (adjusted) / GNI per capita
social / Average years actually spent in school / Average years at school
Average years should be in school / Expected years of schooling
Average age you are expected to live to from birth / Life expectancy at birth

(a)STUDENT CHOICE

(b)STUDENT CHOICE

Differences mainly due to development levels /HDI = high v low

Education is seen as a way of improving life chances and empowering individuals. It can lead to gaining qualifications and access to jobs and careers, including various professions.

(a) and (b) STUDENT CHOICE

(i)They are an average for a whole country

(i)They are an average of 4 different indicators – individual indicators may vary greatly

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STUDENT CHOICE

3.2 Development and industry, pages 66-67

Producing and selling goods and providing services.

•In LDCs, especially those with low HDIs, most people work in the primary sector of industry.

•Many of the poorest are subsistence farmers. This is when they are producingfood mainly for their own families.

•If there is a surplus this can be sold. Sometimes they also plant cashcrops to sell.

(a)plantation agriculture: large areas (usually in the Tropics) growing one main crop, often the fruits or parts of tropical trees or bushes.

(b)oranges

(c)most need a warm / moist climate for most or all of the year

They make much more money this way as processed crops can usually be sold at a higher price than unprocessed ones.

(a)Correct sequence =secondary industry increases : more goods are produced rather than just raw materials : TNCs build factories in industrialising countries : LDCs develop into NICs

(b)e.g.

•The economy improves as it moves from primary to secondary industry

•Selling and/or exporting finished goods is more profitable than exporting unprocessed raw materials

Answers may include:

•Rural-urban migration = urbanisation and the growth of towns and cities as people moved from the countryside to work in new factories

•Economic development in many countries, moving them to stage 4 of the DTM

•An increase of numbers working in secondary industry and a decrease in numbers working in primary industry

•An increase in the import of raw materials

(a)Should explain:

•LDCs tend to have the majority of workers in primary industry either producing food for themselves and export of mining and exporting raw materials. Most processing is done in MDCs. The tertiary sector is often more important than the secondary sector – especially tourism.

•As a country develops its economy it starts to industrialise and a larger proportion of workers are employed in secondary industries. The proportion working in primary industry decreases as secondary and tertiary industries increase.

•In MDCs primary industry (usually highly mechanised today) often employs just a small proportion of the workforce. The proportion working in secondary industries has fallen – partly through automation and the relocation of factories in LDCs/NICs. Tertiary (service) industries are the biggest employers e.g. retail (shops), financial services etc.

(b) and (c) STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

3.3 Social Development indicators, pages 68-69

(a)Combined bar graphs. (Not drawn here to exact grid paper size)

(b)

Countries with a high HDI (the USA and the Netherlands) have low infant and child mortality rates and fewer people per doctor. They have the wealth to provide good medical services and living conditions e.g. good diet and hygiene levels.

Brazil is a NIC and whilst infant and child mortality rates are higher than in MDCs, they have fallen as the country has developed – and there are also more doctors per 1000 of the population. As the economy continues to grow, these figures should improve.

Countries with a lower HDI, especially India and Haiti, have high infant and child mortality rates and a far lower ratio of doctors. They cannot afford high levels of health care and struggle to provide for the basic needs of many of the population. India in particular has a large rural population, often in quite remote areas of the country.

•Infant mortality rate (IMR): the number of children who die before reaching the age of 1 year, usually given as a figure per 1000 population

•Childhood mortality rate: the number of children who die before reaching the age of 5 years, usually given as a figure per 1000 population.

•Social development indicator: indicators which measure e.g. population, health, equality and access to basic needs, not economic data.

(a), (b) and (c): STUDENT SURVEY / OPEN ANSWERS

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STUDENT SURVEY / OPEN ANSWERS

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

3.4 An Unequal World, pages 70-71

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

(i)Land where it is very difficult to live and survive – on the margins of habitability e.g. the edges of hot deserts like the Sahara.

(ii)They may have nowhere else to live and/or the land has become marginal because of changes in climate / soil etc. They may just be able to still rear livestock or grow some crops. They may own the land.

•A landlocked country:

•M Rich deposits of oil or coal:

•M Having large river deltas or estuaries:

•M Close to other countries:

(i)slavery: where one person has complete power over another (they are bonded /their property)and controls their life – usually a life of forced labour with no rights.

(ii)colonialism: setting up colonies in a foreign country or territory to use and exploit them for the coloniser.

(iii)imperialism: the extension of rule by a country or empire over foreign countries; ruling for the benefit of the ruling country

Many named locations/examples possible.

•Uses up resources e.g. to buy weapons

•Destroys homes, industries and infrastructure = cost to rebuild / economy suffers

•Often kills and injures thousands – future generations/workers, skilled/unskilled

•Thousands may become refugees and leave the country – many never to return

(i)The ‘development gap’ is the difference in development levels between LDCs and MDCs

(ii)It is decreasing in many regions as some LDCs industrialise, developing their economies and becoming NICs e.g. China, Brazil etc. (many other possible examples)

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

EXTENSION WORK

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

3.5 The Millennium Development Goals,
pages 72-73

To reduce poverty and improve living standards around the world by halving poverty by 2015

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

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STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

EXTENSION WORK 2

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

3.6 Case Study: Sub-Saharan Africa,
pages 74-77

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

Life expectancy in SSA is the lowest of all the world’s regions, 16.7 years lower than in Europe. South Asia is the second lowest, its life expectancy is 11.3 years more than SSA. However, SSA and South Asia have the same figure, 4.7, for the average years of schooling. The GNI per capita in SSA is 6 times lower than in Europe and 5 times lower than Latin America. This is less than $10,000 that of Europe.

Calculations:

Very high = 1/46 (2.2%)

High = 1/46 (2.2%)

Medium = 8/46 (17.4%)

Low = 36/46 (78.2%)

It was fairly isolated and difficult to reach/access at least until the nineteenth century. By land from Europe it meant crossing the Mediterranean Sea and then trekking south across the hot, dry expanse of the Sahara Desert. By sea was difficult because of the distances involved / easy access. The coastline changed constantly as sand dunes shifted and there was a lack of natural harbours here and where highland met the sea.

(a) and (b): STUDENT CHOICE OF GRAPH TYPE / SCALES/ ANSWERS

•Still has a high rural population – mainly farmers = children needed to work the land

•Access to contraception is below 20% in much of the region

•High rates of infant and child mortality

•Poor diet and food shortages

It puts great pressure on basic resources like food and water.

(a)

•food security:

•food aid:

•average calorie intake:

(b)

•frequent droughts lead to crop failure and/or low yields and lack of water for livestock

•lack of grazing for cattle

•climate change likely to make farming even more difficult

(a)A classic pyramid shaped structure with a wide base narrowing towards the top. This indicates a large proportion of young dependents and a small proportion of elderly dependents.

(b)Suggests poor health care / high infant and child mortality; continuation into the future of a relatively small proportion of adult workers to support high numbers of young dependents

Education is seen as a way out of poverty – access to work / good jobs. When mothers have attended school themselves, attendance at school increases by 20%.

EXTENSION WORK

STUDENT CHOICE /RESEARCH

3.7 Case Study: Uganda, pages 78-81

About 20% of Ugandais landlocked

The north east regionis water or marshland

Most of Uganda is much drier than the rest of the country

Uganda has no coastline, itis one of the world’s 30 poorest countries

Part of Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda is over 1000 metres high

(i)the World: Uganda is part of the continent of Africa. The country is in West Africa, on and just north of the Equator,

(ii)Africa: Uganda is a landlocked country on the Equator, with Lake Victoria in the South, Kenya to the east, Sudan to the north and the DR of Congo to the west.

STUDENT CHOICE

(a)

Indicator / SSA / Uganda / Amount above or below average
HDI / 0.475 / 0.456 / below
Life expectancy at birth (years) / 54.9 / 54.5 / below
Average years of schooling (years) / 4.7 / 4.7 / same
Expected years of schooling (years) / 9.3 / 11.1 / above
GNI per capita ($) / 2010 / 1168.0 / below

(b) May include:

•high growth and fertility rates, projected to start to fall

•high infant, child and maternal mortality

•few doctors

Good answers will include / compare data

(i)1.8 million people were displaced (IDPs)

(ii)thousands were killed

(iii)30,000 are still IDPs today

The majority of Uganda’s population, 84%, live in rural areas. Most of these live in the south and centre of the country. About 40% work as farmers, many of them women. Farms are usually quite small, providing food for the families who work the land.

(a)they help farmers earn some money to spend on e.g. health and education

(b)they are typically exported, so earn money for the country which helps the economy

If the crop fails or prices on the world commodity market fall, they have nothing else to fall back on and the economy and people could suffer badly.

STUDENT CHOICE / DISCUSSION

If they settle in one place they can build homes and grow crops. They may also receive funding for a range of projects e.g. tree planting, setting up small businesses. It may also help stop cattle rustling and fighting.

(a)

57.3% were living with HIV/AIDS

11.2 million Ugandans were living with HIV/AIDS

46 % of the population were living with HIV/AIDS

3Numbers with HIV/AIDS fell from 13% to 10%

2The Ugandan government set up its AIDS Commission, offering voluntary testing

(b)Three from:

•New drugs are available. These reduce symptoms but may make people become complacent and less careful

•People have seen numbers with HIV/AIDS decrease, so do not fear it as much and are less careful

•Some think of drugs as a cure – but they are not and the disease can still be passed on

•Uganda cannot afford drugs for all sufferers

STUDENT CHOICE / DISCUSSION

3.8 Case Study: China, pages 82-87

(i)in the world: China is located in the northern hemisphere on the eastern side of Asia.

(ii)in Asia: To its east is the Pacific Ocean and to the south west are the Himalayas. Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Russia lie to the north with the islands and peninsula of Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines to the south. It is separated from the USA (Alaska) by the Bering Sea and Bering Strait

STUDENT CHOICE / ATLAS WORK

FalseThe movement of 5 major tectonic plates create earthquakes across China

FalseEarthquakes are often very destructive as they are usually deep below the Earth’s surface

TrueLandslides and flooding after earthquakes adds to the damage caused

FalseOver 1000 earthquakes of 6Mw or over have occurred since 1900

TrueAbout half the deaths from all of the world’s earthquakes since 1900 have occurred in China

TrueThe Tangshan earthquake killed over half a million people in 1986

(a) and (b)

STUDENT CHOICE /RESEARCH

Answers will also depend on students’ interpretation of ‘worst’. This could be strongest (lowest pressure), deadliest (highest number of deaths) or most costly ($ damage). They should state the choice made in their answer.

(a)emphasis should be on the densely populated east compared to the sparsely populated north and west, linked to relief and climate. Good answers will refer to data (Figure 4) and named provinces

(b)STUDENT CHOICE / DISCUSSION

•To slow down the rapid rate of growth

•To increase economic growth and development

•To be able to provide enough resources for its population

Three from:

•Hard working labour force / workers

•Lower wages to pay

•Lower taxes

•Fewer regulations

(a)STUDENT CHOICE

(b)

•Very large port / dock facilities

•Thousands of containers and mechanised loading/unloading onto container ships

The export of cheap goods – e.g. clothing, toys, electronic hoods, Christmas decorations -manufactured cheaply on factory assembly lines in China helped start the rapid growth of China’s economy as it opened up to trade on the world market in the 1980s.

(a)Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

(b)

•The BRICS are emerging NICs with rapidly growing economies.

•They are beginning to have an influence outside their home region – i.e. globally.

•With a joint population of 3 billion they could become some of the most dominant economies in the world in time.

(a)

•Predominantly fossil fuels (over 90% coal, gas and oil)

•70% from coal

•Less than 10% from clean, renewable sources – mainly hydroelectric power

(b)

•Fossil fuels are non-renewable so will eventually run out

•Coal in particular is a very dirty fuel releasing large quantities of CO2 causing high levels of atmospheric pollution

•To combat climate changes, emissions of greenhouse gases like CO2 need to be drastically reduced

•More non-renewable sources are needed – but can China provide the energy it needs from such sources?

Varied answers – may include:

•Advantages: vast coal reserves. China is the biggest producer of coal in the world.

•Disadvantages: China consumes more coal than any other country and now has to import some from abroad to meet its needs. Coal is the dirtiest of all the fossil fuels – burning it creates atmospheric pollution and releases greenhouse gases.

STUDENT SKETCH / CHOICE OF ANNOTATIONS

(a)

•overgrazing: too many animals grazing on an area of land leading to the destruction of vegetation and barren land

•soil erosion: the removal of top soil through drought, flood or over-use/overgrazing, clearance for human activity