RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA
BANGALORE
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
1. / Name of the candidate and address (In block letters) / Dr. SHIVANAND. TALAWAR.POST GRADUATE STUDENT
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS,
A.M.E’S DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL,NEAR GOVT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
BEJENGERE ROAD,
RAICHUR
KARNATAKA-5804103
2. / Name of the Institution / A.M.E’S DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL,NEAR GOVT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
BEJENGERE ROAD,
RAICHUR
KARNATAKA-5804103
s3. / Course of the study and subject / MASTER OF DENTAL SURGERY (MDS) IN ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
4. / Date of admission to course / 20/4/2011.
5.
6. / Title of the topic:
An assessment of orthodontic treatment need among 13-15year old school going children of Raichur district, Karnataka, India using Dental Aesthetic Index.
Brief resume of the intended works
6.1 Need for the study:
Malocclusion is a common problem in population. The literal meaning of malocclusion is bad bite. The malocclusion can be defined as an occlusion in which there is a malrelationship between the arches in any planes or in which there are anomalies in tooth position beyond the normal limits.
The reasons to develop malocclusion could be genetic or environmental and /or combination of both the factors along with various local factors such as adverse oral habits, tooth anomalies, forms etc.
The malocclusion has been shown to affect oral health, increased prevalence of dental caries and can cause TMJ disorders.
The individuals with malocclusion may feel shy in social contacts, may lose career opportunities and might feel shame about their dental appearance.
Since its development in 1986, the DAI has been used in unmodified form to evaluate the incidence of malocclusions in communities of different countries and proven to be a simple, rapidly applied, reliable index with validity.
There is a need to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in a population and orthodontic treatment need, using Dental Aesthetic Index.
6.2 Review of literature;
A study was done among Spanish adolescents to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need and compare with other populations. The study sample comprised 744 school children from urban and rural populations in Granada province (Southern Spain), aged from 14-20years, who had not received orthodontic treatment. The measurement instrument was DAI. The results showed that, the mean DAI score of whole series was 25.6(SD,7.94).The distribution of the DAI grades was: DAI 1,no anomaly or malocclusion,58.6%,DAI2,definite malocclusion,20.3%, DAI 3,sever malocclusion,11.2%,DAI 4, Very sever malocclusion,9.9%. There were no statistically significant differences in DAI score between genders or in those rural vs. urban residence, but a significant difference was found between social classes, with subjects of low social class presenting the worst scores(p<0.05).1
The study was conducted to measure the distribution ,prevalence and severity of malocclusion and treatment need amongst randomly selected 700 rural and urban Nigerian children aged 12-18years(mean 14+-1.84) using DAI ,and to assess whether malocclusion was affected by age, gender and socio-economic background. Data were collected according to the method recommended by WHO. 77.4% of children had a dental appearance which required no treatment, over 13% fell into the group where treatment for malocclusion is considered to be elective, However, a 9.2% of population had sever to handicapping malocclusion where treatment is highly desirable or mandatory. There were no statistical differences (p>0.05) in DAI scores between age groups, gender and socio-economic background. This study also found that Nigerian adolescents had better dental appearance and less orthodontic treatment need compared with the Caucasian and Oriental population.2
A study was carried out in Japanese high school students (n-409, ages 15-18yr), to evaluate malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need. This study use a sample of students from randomly selected urban and rural schools in Kyushu district. The DAI scores for urban and rural school students, as well as the total DAI scores from these 2 areas were significantly higher than that of American high school students. These results showed that the number of students with an acceptable dental appearance among Japanese high school students is significantly lower than among American high school students. This indicates a higher need for orthodontic treatment among Japanese high school students.3
A study was done in South Canara to estimate the prevalence, severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need for 329 handicapped individuals. In this study 329 handicapped individuals aged 11-30 years were selected and examination done using DAI. Results showed that 53% had a dental appearance which required no orthodontic treatment, 24% had a definite malocclusion, where treatment was elective and treatment for further 12% was considered to be highly desirable. The remaining 11% had a handicapping malocclusion where treatment was considered mandatory.4
The study was carried out to evaluate the orthodontic treatment need of adholoshents from the state junior high schools in Shiraz city, Islamic Republic using DAI. A random sample of 900 pupils (450 girls and 450 boys) aged 12-15year old. who received no orthodontic treatment before or during the study were selected randomly, most of pupils(70.1%) had normal or minor malocclusion indicating no need of orthodontic treatment, only 4.2% had disabling malocclusion that required treatment. sever and very sever grades of malocclusion were more common in boys than girls, Iranian youth from Shiraz had better dental appearance and needed less orthodontic treatment than other population..5
6.3 Objectives of the study:
1. To assess the orthodontic treatment need in school going children of Raichur district.
2. To assess the prevalence of malocclusion in school going children of Raichur district.
3. To assess the severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need between two sexes.
7. / Materials and Methods
7.1 Source of data;
1000 school going children (boys and girls) of age range 13 to 15 years from different parts of Raichur district will be examined.
7.2 Method of selection of data:
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
School going children (boys and girls) of age 13-15 years with different malocclusion from different parts of Raichur district.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
1. Children who had orthodontic treatment
2. Children who having orthodontic treatment.
3. Children those on interceptive orthodontics.
3. Syndrome patients.
SAMPLE SIZE AND DESIGN:
This descriptive cross sectional Study will be consist of 1000 school going children (boys and girls) of age 13 to 15 years from different parts of Raichur district.
METHODOLOGY
A descriptive cross sectional study will be conducted among 13 to 15 year school children studying in middle and high schools of Raichur district, India. A pilot study was carried out to determine the feasibility of the study and the final study sample calculated is 1000. Before start of the study an ethical clearance will be taken from Ethical clearance committee of AME Dental college and hospital Raichur. An official permission will be obtained from the officer of the Deputy Director of Public Instructions (DDPI) office, Raichur district. In Raichur district, 10 schools will be selected by using simple random sampling procedures. 100 school children will be examined in each selected school. The interview and examination of a single study subjects will take 3 to 4 minutes. A survey proforma will prepared with the help of WHO oral health assessment form.
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE.
Type-3 clinical examination as recommended by American Dental Association specification will be followed. The malocclusion will be recorded according to the components of DAI as described by WHO, oral health survey, and basic methods by using community periodontal index probe and plane mouth mirror. Sufficient number of autoclaved instruments will be carried to the examination site to avoid the interruption during the study. After each day of examination, the entire instruments will be autoclaved. The school children requiring immediate treatment will be referred to AME DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, RAICHUR. The .recording data will be transferred from the proforma to an MS-excel sheet in a computer.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.
The chi-square test will used for comparison of severity of malocclusion. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test will be used for comparison of mean DAI scores. The probability value of 0.05 or less will set to know the significance level.
7.3 Does the study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on patients or other humans or other animals?
YES
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3?
YES
8. / References;
1. Adela Baca-Garcia, Manuel Bravo, Pilar Baca, Arturo Baca and Pilar Junco Granada. Malocclusions and orthodontic treatment needs in a group of Spanish adolescents using the Dental Aesthetic Index. International Dental Journal (2004)54,138-142.
2. Olayinka D.Otuyemi, lle-lfe, Nigeria. Adeola Ogunyika and Oluwole Dosumu, Ibadan, Nigeria. Naham C.Cons and Joanna Jenny Davis, USA .Malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of secondary school students in Nigeria according to the DAI. International Dental Journal (1999)49,203-210.
3. Ansai T, Miyazaki H, Katoh Y, Yamashita Y, Takehara T, Jenny J, Cons NC; Prevalence of malocclusion in high school students in Japan according to the Dental Aesthetic Index. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1993; 21; 303-5.
4. Dinesh Rao B, Arnitha Hegde M and A. K. Munshi, Malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of handicapped individuals in South Canara. International Dental Journal (2003)53, 13-18.
5. S.M. Danaei ,F. Amirrad and P. Salehi orthodontic treatment needs of 12-
15year old students in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran..
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. Volume 13,No-2,March-
April.2007.