H-K Joh, NOV 13, 2012

Supplementary Table 1.Age-standardized characteristics of study participants by quintile of energy-adjusted choline intake in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) in 1994a

Intake category (quintiles)
NHS / HPFS
Q1 / Q3 / Q5 / Q1 / Q3 / Q5
Intake of choline, median (range), mg/d b / 242 (96-263) / 304 (292-317) / 374 (349-1282) / 287 (140-310) / 359 (344-374) / 446 (413-1063)
No. of individuals / 13089 / 13096 / 13164 / 6744 / 6785 / 6875
Age, mean, y / 60.6 / 60.7 / 60.9 / 61.6 / 61.8 / 62.0
Body mass index, mean, kg/m2 / 25.6 / 26.4 / 27.2 / 25.4 / 25.9 / 26.4
Current smokers, % / 13 / 12 / 14 / 5 / 6 / 8
Past smokers, % / 41 / 43 / 44 / 45 / 47 / 49
History of hypertension, % / 36 / 37 / 40 / 31 / 33 / 34
History of type 2 diabetes, % / 4 / 6 / 11 / 3 / 5 / 9
Parity (no. of children), mean c / 2.9 / 3.0 / 3.0 / - / - / -
Dietary intake, mean
Total energy (kcal/d) / 1714.0 / 1753.6 / 1712.1 / 1994.0 / 2039.9 / 1978.9
Total betaine, mg/d b / 104.2 / 110.0 / 107.3 / 132.7 / 135.3 / 130.1
Total vitamin B6, mg/d b / 8.0 / 7.9 / 10.7 / 8.1 / 8.4 / 10.8
Total vitamin B12, μ\olineeg/d b / 8.1 / 10.0 / 14.4 / 9.7 / 11.9 / 16.5
Total folate,μg/d b / 415.9 / 457.7 / 499.5 / 501.7 / 525.9 / 563.0
Total methionine, mg/d b / 1.3 / 1.7 / 2.1 / 1.6 / 2.0 / 2.4
Fruit, servings/d / 2.2 / 2.4 / 2.4 / 2.5 / 2.6 / 2.4
Vegetables, servings/d / 2.7 / 3.3 / 3.6 / 2.8 / 3.3 / 3.5
Alcohol, g/d / 5.9 / 6.1 / 5.4 / 10.2 / 11.5 / 11.2
a Except for the data on mean of age, all data are standardized to the age distribution of each cohort in 1994. For simplicity, only data for the first, third, and fifth quintiles are shown.
b Nutrient values are energy-adjusted intake.
c Among parous women.

Supplementary Table 2.Age-standardized characteristics of study participants by quintile of energy-adjusted betaine intake in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) in 1994a

Intake category (quintiles)
NHS / HPFS
Q1 / Q3 / Q5 / Q1 / Q3 / Q5
Intake of betaine, median (range), mg/d b / 65.8 (11-76) / 99.7 (92-108) / 159.1 (134-737) / 81.2 (0-93.7) / 124.3
(114.2-135.5) / 198.0
(167.4-878.7)
No. of individuals / 13180 / 13063 / 13056 / 6889 / 6783 / 6740
Age, mean, y / 60.8 / 60.7 / 60.7 / 61.9 / 61.7 / 61.8
Body mass index, mean, kg/m2 / 26.7 / 26.5 / 25.8 / 26.2 / 25.9 / 25.4
Current smokers, % / 17 / 13 / 9 / 8 / 6 / 4
Past smokers, % / 38 / 43 / 46 / 44 / 47 / 48
History of hypertension, % / 39 / 38 / 36 / 34 / 32 / 30
History of type 2 diabetes, % / 7 / 7 / 6 / 6 / 5 / 5
Parity (no. of children), mean c / 3.0 / 3.0 / 3.0 / - / - / -
Dietary intake, mean
Total energy (kcal/d) / 1697.3 / 1782.2 / 1694.9 / 1969.4 / 2061.6 / 1963.6
Total choline, mg/d b / 303.6 / 307.7 / 308.6 / 367.0 / 365.0 / 362.4
Total vitamin B6, mg/d b / 8.1 / 8.7 / 9.4 / 8.5 / 8.7 / 9.6
Total vitamin B12,μg/d b / 10.2 / 10.3 / 11.5 / 11.9 / 11.9 / 13.2
Total folate,μg/d b / 412.6 / 445.4 / 526.1 / 476.3 / 520.9 / 606.2
Total methionine, mg/d b / 1.7 / 1.7 / 1.7 / 2.0 / 2.0 / 2.0
Fruit, servings/d / 2.2 / 2.4 / 2.4 / 2.4 / 2.5 / 2.6
Vegetables, servings/d / 2.9 / 3.3 / 3.4 / 2.9 / 3.3 / 3.4
Alcohol, g/d / 5.7 / 6.1 / 5.8 / 9.2 / 11.2 / 12.0
a Except for the data on mean of age, all data are standardized to the age distribution of each cohort in 1994. For simplicity, only data for the first, third, and fifth quintiles are shown.
b Nutrient values are energy-adjusted intake.
c Among parous women.

Supplementary Table 3.Age-standardized characteristics of study participants by quintile of energy-adjusted vitamin B6 intake in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) in 1994a

Intake category (quintiles)
NHS / HPFS
Q1 / Q3 / Q5 / Q1 / Q3 / Q5
Intake of vitamin B6, median (range), mg/d b / 1.6 (0.6-1.8) / 2.7 (2.3-3.4) / 7.6 (4.8-456.5) / 1.8 (0.7-2.1) / 3.0 (2.6-3.8) / 8.4 (5.4-569.3)
No. of individuals / 13480 / 13914 / 13264 / 6711 / 6792 / 6805
Age, mean, y / 60.6 / 60.7 / 60.8 / 61.6 / 61.8 / 62.0
Body mass index, mean, kg/m2 / 26.5 / 26.5 / 26.1 / 26.2 / 25.9 / 25.5
Current smokers, % / 19 / 11 / 11 / 9 / 5 / 6
Past smokers, % / 41 / 43 / 44 / 47 / 46 / 48
History of hypertension, % / 35 / 38 / 38 / 31 / 33 / 33
History of type 2 diabetes, % / 5 / 8 / 7 / 4 / 6 / 6
Parity (no. of children), mean c / 3.0 / 3.0 / 2.9 / - / - / -
Dietary intake, mean
Total energy (kcal/d) / 1594.7 / 1876.2 / 1673.2 / 1812.1 / 2191.4 / 1946.4
Total choline, mg/d b / 282.1 / 315.2 / 316.4 / 341.3 / 371.0 / 373.9
Total betaine, mg/d b / 96.0 / 113.3 / 113.5 / 118.0 / 141.0 / 140.1
Total vitamin B12,μg/d b / 5.6 / 8.0 / 20.5 / 6.6 / 9.4 / 24.2
Total folate,μg/d b / 247.3 / 425.2 / 642.8 / 277.9 / 480.3 / 815.6
Total methionine, mg/d b / 1.6 / 1.8 / 1.8 / 1.9 / 2.1 / 2.0
Fruit, servings/d / 1.8 / 2.6 / 2.5 / 1.8 / 2.8 / 2.8
Vegetables, servings/d / 2.6 / 3.6 / 3.4 / 2.5 / 3.6 / 3.5
Alcohol, g/d / 6.7 / 5.5 / 5.6 / 11.6 / 10.9 / 10.5
a Except for the data on mean of age, all data are standardized to the age distribution of each cohort in 1994. For simplicity, only data for the first, third, and fifth quintiles are shown.
b Nutrient values are energy-adjusted intake.
c Among parous women.

Supplementary Table 4.Age-standardized characteristics of study participants by quintile of energy-adjusted vitamin B12 intake in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) in 1994a

Intake category (quintiles)
NHS / HPFS
Q1 / Q3 / Q5 / Q1 / Q3 / Q5
Intake of vitamin B12, median (range), μg/d b / 3.0 (0-4.0) / 8.0 (7.0-9.0) / 20.0 (14-341) / 4.1 (0.0-5.3) / 8.9 (7.4-10.6) / 21.7
(15.4-704.8)
No. of individuals / 14174 / 14457 / 12171 / 6714 / 6790 / 6859
Age, mean, y / 60.6 / 60.7 / 60.9 / 61.6 / 61.7 / 62.1
Body mass index, mean, kg/m2 / 26.1 / 26.7 / 26.4 / 25.5 / 26.0 / 25.9
Current smokers, % / 13 / 13 / 14 / 5 / 7 / 7
Past smokers, % / 43 / 42 / 43 / 47 / 45 / 48
History of hypertension, % / 36 / 38 / 39 / 32 / 32 / 34
History of type 2 diabetes, % / 5 / 7 / 8 / 4 / 5 / 6
Parity (no. of children), mean c / 3.0 / 3.0 / 2.9 / - / - / -
Dietary intake, mean
Total energy (kcal/d) / 1644.4 / 1820.9 / 1660.1 / 1894.0 / 2154.2 / 1933.4
Total choline, mg/d b / 277.1 / 309.9 / 333.4 / 326.4 / 365.3 / 396.3
Total betaine, mg/d b / 102.1 / 107.8 / 111.2 / 127.9 / 135.4 / 136.8
Total vitamin B6, mg/d b / 5.0 / 7.0 / 16.9 / 4.4 / 6.4 / 18.6
Total folate,μg/d b / 293.6 / 427.1 / 638.7 / 339.8 / 493.9 / 768.8
Total methionine, mg/d b / 1.6 / 1.7 / 1.8 / 1.8 / 2.1 / 2.1
Fruit, servings/d / 2.2 / 2.4 / 2.3 / 2.5 / 2.6 / 2.5
Vegetables, servings/d / 3.1 / 3.3 / 3.2 / 3.2 / 3.4 / 3.2
Alcohol, g/d / 6.1 / 5.9 / 5.7 / 11.0 / 11.1 / 10.8
a Except for the data on mean of age, all data are standardized to the age distribution of each cohort in 1994. For simplicity, only data for the first, third, and fifth quintiles are shown.
b Nutrient values are energy-adjusted intake.
c Among parous women.

Supplementary Table 5.Age-standardized characteristics of study participants by quintile of energy-adjusted methionine intake in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) in 1994a

Intake category (quintiles)
NHS / HPFS
Q1 / Q3 / Q5 / Q1 / Q3 / Q5
Intake of methionine, median (range), mg/d b / 1.3 (0.4-1.4) / 1.7 (1.6-1.8) / 2.2 (2.0-6.5) / 1.5 (0.6-1.7) / 2.0 (1.9-2.1) / 2.6 (2.4-5.7)
No. of individuals / 13401 / 12564 / 13021 / 6929 / 6789 / 6757
Age, mean, y / 60.8 / 60.7 / 60.6 / 61.8 / 61.7 / 61.8
Body mass index, mean, kg/m2 / 25.4 / 26.4 / 27.4 / 25.3 / 25.9 / 26.4
Current smokers, % / 15 / 12 / 12 / 6 / 6 / 5
Past smokers, % / 41 / 44 / 45 / 47 / 46 / 47
History of hypertension, % / 34 / 37 / 41 / 31 / 31 / 36
History of type 2 diabetes, % / 4 / 6 / 11 / 3 / 5 / 10
Parity (no. of children), mean c / 3.0 / 3.0 / 2.9 / - / - / -
Dietary intake, mean
Total energy (kcal/d) / 1720.3 / 1765.7 / 1686.5 / 1992.3 / 2048.7 / 1955.2
Total choline, mg/d b / 253.1 / 306.9 / 362.9 / 304.8 / 363.9 / 427.5
Total betaine, mg/d b / 105.7 / 108.7 / 107.7 / 136.4 / 134.7 / 130.3
Total vitamin B6, mg/d b / 8.8 / 8.0 / 9.7 / 8.9 / 8.4 / 9.7
Total vitamin B12,μg/d b / 9.1 / 10.2 / 12.6 / 10.5 / 12.1 / 14.8
Total folate,μg/d b / 445.6 / 453.7 / 478.6 / 535.4 / 523.7 / 539.7
Fruit, servings/d / 2.4 / 2.4 / 2.3 / 2.7 / 2.5 / 2.4
Vegetables, servings/d / 2.9 / 3.3 / 3.5 / 3.1 / 3.3 / 3.5
Alcohol, g/d / 6.9 / 6.0 / 4.7 / 13.9 / 11.0 / 7.9
a Except for the data on mean of age, all data are standardized to the age distribution of each cohort in 1994. For simplicity, only data for the first, third, and fifth quintiles are shown.
b Nutrient values are energy-adjusted intake.
c Among parous women.

Supplementary Table 6.Age-standardized characteristics of study participants by renal cell cancer (RCC) case status in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) in 1984 and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) in 1986a

NHS / HPFS
RCC cases b / Non-cases / RCC cases b / Non-cases
No. of individuals / 225 / 76983 / 211 / 47674
Age, mean, y / 51.9 / 50.8 / 55.3 / 54.4
Body mass index, mean, kg/m2 / 26.5 / 25.0 / 26.3 / 25.5
Current smokers, % / 28 / 24 / 16 / 10
Past smokers, % / 27 / 32 / 43 / 44
History of hypertension, % / 32 / 22 / 35 / 22
History of type 2 diabetes, % / 5 / 3 / 3 / 3
Parity (no. of children), mean c / 3.3 / 3.0 / - / -
Dietary intake, mean
Total energy (kcal/d) / 1712.3 / 1743.5 / 1927.1 / 1985.8
Total choline, mg/d d / 330.6 / 331.1 / 404.4 / 399.9
Total betaine, mg/dd / 103.1 / 103.9 / 130.5 / 130.2
Total vitamin B6, mg/dd / 8.5 / 9.6 / 7.3 / 8.7
Total vitamin B12,μg/dd / 12.6 / 11.7 / 12.7 / 12.6
Total folate,μg/dd / 389.9 / 384.0 / 434.7 / 480.8
Total methionine, mg/d d / 1.7 / 1.7 / 2.3 / 2.2
Fruit, servings/d / 2.2 / 2.1 / 2.2 / 2.4
Vegetables, servings/d / 3.0 / 3.1 / 2.9 / 3.1
Alcohol, g/d / 5.8 / 6.6 / 9.9 / 11.3
a Except for the data on mean of age, all data are standardized to the age distribution of each cohort at baseline (NHS in 1984, HPFS in 1986).
bRCC cases were defined as participants who developed RCC during entire follow-up periods.
cAmong parous women.
dNutrient values are energy-adjusted intake.

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