p. 69
A tree falls in the forest.
Physically, there is sound – massive ______resulting in powerful traveling disturbances.
Psychologically, there is no sound – no human ______occurs.
The operation of sensory processes on auditory stimuli to build tonal sensations that may function as musical building blocks is rudimentary ______.
p. 70
The basis of all sound is ______. Movement of some type characterizes every particle in the universe. Groups of particular particles may move with their own characteristic group patterns. Of myriad possible vibrations, some occur at rates and in settings that result in audible ______.
The rate at which a particular vibration occurs is ______.
A vibrating object’s frequency is the number of ______in a designated amount of ______.
A cycle is a complete journey or excursion of a ______object, starting from some given point, moving through both extremes of ______, and returning to the same point, moving in the same direction.
In musical acoustics one usually defines frequency as the number of ______completed in one second. Cycles per second are usually referred to as ______(Hz) in honor of Heinrich Hertz, an early investigator of electromagnetic phenomena.
If one assumes that each cycle lasts as long as any other, which will be the case if frequency does not change, the time required for one cycle or period is the reciprocal of the ______. Conversely, the frequency is the reciprocal of the ______.
When one speaks of amplitude in reference to a vibrating object, one usually is referring to the distance between an ______position and a point of maximal ______.
p. 70 – 71
For a vibrating pendulum, the displacement amplitude is the distance from the ______position to the maximum ______to either side. Amplitude is related to the ______of vibration which affects loudness. The more powerful the vibration, the greater the ______, and the louder the resulting sound.
p. 71
Single components which each have a single characteristic frequency and amplitude may be called ______, sine tones, sinusoids, and ______tones. The terms harmonics, overtones, and inharmonics are used when a particular ______relationship is of concern.
Each component vibration pattern illustrates simple harmonic motion (SHM), a form of motion where the ______force (a force that directs a displaced object to its original position) is proportional to the ______.
Sound waves are a series of disturbances following each other through a physical ______. A medium is an ______physical substance.
Sound may travel through _____, water, and ______substances. Without some medium, it cannot travel. For musical purposes the medium is usually ______.
______is the process by which the disturbance travels.
The moving object responsible for the original vibration (a drumhead, string, reed, vocal folds) disturbs particles in the surrounding ______. As another particle is disturbed in the process, the vibration is ______to that particle.
Does a ball traveling through the air or a stack of dominoes best illustrate the travel of a sound wave?
______
Any component of a complex tone is a ______. A harmonic is a frequency that is in an integral multiple relationship with the ______frequency, which usually is the lowest frequency component.
An overtone is a harmonic, excluding the ______, that is present in the complex tone of interest.
An inharmonic is a partial that is not also a ______.
When music is broadcast, the physical disturbances in the air made by the music making are converted to an ______current by microphones and to an ______disturbance by the broadcasting station’s transmitter. The radio receiver and speakers convert the incoming electromagnetic wave back to a ______wave. The broadcast medium is an ______field, not air.
p. 72
Sound waves may propogate in two basic movement patterns. In ______waves the overall disturbance travels perpendicular (at ______angles) to the direction of individual particle displacements. In ______waves the overall disturbance travels ______with (in the same direction as) the direction of the individual particle displacements. Waves in air are always ______l. Transverse waves have musical importance because the travel of a disturbance along a string or in a solid surface such as a piano keyboard or drumhead is partly ______.
Three properties of traveling waves which are important are: speed, ______, and wavelength.
______is the rate at which the disturbance travels through the medium. It is dependent on properties of the medium such as ______, density, and ______composition.
When one speaks of the speed of sound, one usually means the rate of ______through a particular medium. Waves in air travel at a speed determined by the ______properties. Waves originating from high frequency sounds travel at the same speed as waves originating from low ______sounds.
A wave’s frequency is the ______rate of the individual particles that convey the disturbance. A wave’s frequency depends on the ______of the source of vibration; a tuning fork vibrating at 440 Hz will create a traveling wave that has a frequency of ______Hz.
A wave’s speed and frequency are independent of each other in air, but they are related mathematically through the ______, which is the distance between a point in one wave (or "wave front") and the corresponding point in the next wave.
The relevant equation is: S = fw, where
S = ______of the wave in some linear unit (usually meters or feet per second)
f = ______of the wave in Hz
w = ______in the linear unit
p. 73
In the process of traveling, particular phenomena may alter the wave. Such wave phenomena include interference, ______, absorption, ______, and diffraction.
______is the result of adding two or more waves together.
Particular particles in a medium may be displaced in one way or another by each disturbance that meets them; their particular locations at any given time are the result of ______the traveling disturbances acting on them.
The combined wave form resulting from interference is a ______.
______is a sudden change in the direction of wave travel resulting from a sudden change in properties of the medium. Surfaces vary in how reflective they are because the amount of ______absorbed varies with particular surfaces. A heavy velvet curtain absorbs a considerable proportion of the energy in a sound wave and ______very little. A concrete wall ______very little and reflects a considerable amount.
A room’s "liveliness" is a matter of how much sound is ______verses how much is ______.
______is a gradual change in the direction of wave travel resulting from a gradual change in properties of the medium. Refraction occasionally results from ______inversions, which explains why you may be able to hear a band outside from a long distance away but not from a location closer in proximity to the band.
______is the process by which a wave passes through a small opening or bends around a corner. If the opening is smaller than the wavelength, the wave will bubble through and reform.
p. 73 – 74
If the opening is ______, the wave simply will beam ahead without spreading to either side.
p. 74
A wave’s ability to turn corners is a function of ______. Because lower ______waves have longer wavelengths, they turn corners more effectively.
The apparent pitch of a rapidly approaching sound source ______, and that of a rapidly vanishing sound source ______. This pitch change, called the ______effect, is due to the frequency with which corresponding points of the sound wave pass the observer. As a rapidly approaching source comes closer to the observer, the wave fronts come by ______frequently. As the source goes away, the fronts come by _____ frequently.
Waves that propagate throughout a medium until they spend their energy are ______waves. In the process of propagation, each medium particle has its turn at vibrating, at the wave’s frequency, to the maximal ______possible. Under special conditions, a wave may reflect back on itself in a small confined medium to form a ______or stationary wave. Standing waves may exist in vibrating violin and guitar strings, in a singer’s vocal tract, and in the ____ column of a sounding woodwind or brass instrument.
Unlike a traveling wave, a standing wave does not propagate through the medium. Rather, it vibrates in a series of characteristic patterns. Some particles, located at points called ______, do not vibrate at all. Particles located at ______vibrate maximally (i.e., vibrate to the maximum amount of displacement possible in the standing wave). Particles located between nodes and antinodes vibrate to _____ than the wave’s maximum amplitude. The standing wave’s vibrations are conveyed to a surrounding medium, in which a ______wave forms and propagates.
p. 75
______time is the time necessary for a sound to decay to one millionth of its original intensity. Reverberation time is a function of two room properties: volume and ______. The larger the room, the ______the reverberation time, the smaller the room, the ______the reverberation time.
Sound that is not reflected by a particular surface is ______(although some sound may pass through or transmit), and absorption is related inversely to ______time. Increases in absorption ______the reverberation time; decreases in absorption ______it. Rooms that are overly ______have too long a reverberation time. ______rooms have too short a reverberation time. Ideal reverberation times are between 1.0 and _____ seconds.
Sound should spread evenly throughout a room, with no "dead" or "live" spots. Even distribution is encouraged by rough, irregular surfaces and a lack of an overly ______shape. Rectangular rooms or rooms with a concave wall may focus ______in particular places.
How can fluted columns, gargoyles, and ornate facades serve a useful acoustical purpose?
______
Freedom from unwanted sounds, internal as well as external, is desirable in a room intended for musical performance. What five room factors are important in achieving this freedom?
______
______is the amount of power passing through a unit area.
Decibels represent ______comparisons of particular amounts of a property in question to an arbitrary baseline.
p. 76
______is an area of psychophysics which traditionally concerns itself with human sensation in response to physical stimuli. Psychoacoustics focuses on tonal sensations arising from ______stimuli.
Tones are basic ______structures for most music.
4 physical aspects of a tone are:
______
6 psychological aspects of a tone are:
______
______is the rate of cycle completion for a particular vibration.
Pitch, the roughly corresponding ______sensation, is a variable of apparent location on a highness-lowness continuum.
In general, the greater the ______, the higher the pitch, although not every change in frequency will be heard as a pitch change. Other physical attributes may have an effect on pitch perception; for example, a change in perceived pitch may occur when the ______of a tone is altered while maintaining the frequency.
______is the pitch property of "obviousness". It is illustrated by the sound of a sustained trumpet tone of good quality which has a more definite pitch than the sound of a cymbal crash, which in turn is more definite than a snare drum tap.
Within an established tonal context, a particular tone is more related to some tones than to others. This pitch property may be termed ______, circularity, or ______.
p. 77
Pitch sensation is a function of ______activity. For tones of just one frequency, which are relatively rare, the point of stimulation in the ______is the basis for pitch assignment. For complex tones, which contain ______of frequencies, and are far more common in music, the pattern of ______in the inner ear, as deciphered by ______processes occurring between the inner ear and the ______, is the basis for pitch assignment. The pitch of a complex tone, often called low pitch or ______pitch, is produced by the neural process of ______tracking, which employs information about where and how often stimulations occur in the inner ear.
Consonance and dissonance refer to the apparent ______or ______of the interval.
______is the periodic rise and fall in loudness experienced when two simultaneously sounding tones are not quite in tune. The closer the frequencies, the ______the beat rate. If the frequency distance is increased, the beat rate will ______. If the frequency distance continues to increase until a distance called the ______is reached, the sensation becomes one of two clearly different simultaneous sounds.
______tones are extratonal sensations experienced due to distortion in the inner ear; that is, more stimulation occurs than that which may be accounted for by the input sound waves.
p. 78
A combination tone, often referred to as a ______tone, is one elicited by a frequency equivalent to the ______between two frequencies.
The fre quency eliciting the combination tone sensation is not in the ______waveform; the sensation is supplied by the ____.
Groups of intervals become chords, and chord movement is a basis for ______.
A complex tone is a ______of frequencies in one ______vibration arising from one source, sounds like one sound with one pitch while two tones, even two simple tones of one frequency each, arising from two separate sound sources sound like a ______interval.
Successive frequencies need to be sufficiently far apart in order for listeners to hear the resulting pitches as clearly different. The ______(JND) for frequency discrimination (distinguishing between two ______tones) and frequency resolution (distinguishing that a continuously sounding tone of ______frequency has risen or fallen in pitch) varies with the frequency ______, the listener, and ______.
The relationship between pitch and frequency is not perfect. Not every minute frequency change elicits a change in pitch sensation. Tones of constant frequency but changing intensity may appear to change in ______.
The physical property of ______is a function of the amount of power in a sound. It is defined as the amount of ______passing through a unit area.
p. 78 – 79
______is the sound’s apparent strength or magnitude. People occasionally substitute the term ______, a wave property that describes graphically the degree of displacement from a point of rest, for ______.
p. 79
Greater amplitude generally elicits ______loudness. Amplitude is proportional to ______. The authors of your text believe that a relationship between power and apparent strength is more clear. Using the term volume as a synonym for loudness is misleading.
In general, a sound of a particular intensity level becomes louder and louder with increasing frequency until somewhere in the ______– 3000 Hz area; then it becomes ______with increasing frequency. The effect is more pronounced for ______intensity levels. The intensity-loudness relationship is confounded by ______.