Running head: DIVERSE APPROACHES 1

Diverse Approaches within the Umbrella of Psychoanalytic Thought

Sandra Collins

GCAP 631 – Section A – Winter 2007

Assignment 2

DIVERSE APPROACHES 3

Abstract

Both Freud and Jung are considered part of the psychoanalytic tradition; they shared many core philosophical assumptions and held similar views of the process of psychotherapy. However, their ideas about how dysfunction is assessed and change facilitated in psychotherapy differed. The divergence was most evident in their application of theory to practice. Many of their strategies may initially appear similar, but they are approached in different ways and with different change agendas. Freud and Jung are often spoken of in the same breath. To group them in this way, however, masks important differences in what practicing psychoanalysis meant to each of them. Each theorist has made a significant contribution to the practice of psychology that deserves independent recognition.


Diverse Approaches within the Umbrella of Psychoanalytic Thought

Freud and Jung were two of the earliest theorists in psychology, and both are considered part of the psychoanalytic tradition. The purpose of this paper is to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate the similarities and differences between Freud’s and Jung’s psychoanalytic theories. I will focus my comparison on the underlying philosophical assumptions, the process of psychotherapy, the strategies used to facilitate change, and the evidence that has been generated in support of each model. Freud and Jung agreed on many of the fundamentals of psychoanalytic theory; however, when it comes to applying theory to practice, several important differences emerge.

Common Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theorists

Five Important Areas of Convergence

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Some Divergence: Jung’s Evolution of Freudian Philosophical Perspectives

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Similarities and Differences in Views of the Psychoanalysis Process

Assessment of Problems

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Goals of Psychotherapy

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Roles of the Client and the Psychoanalyst

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Further Divergence: Summary of Key Differences in Approach to Psychoanalysis

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Further Divergence in Strategies for Facilitating Change

Similar Strategies Applied in Different Ways

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Resolving conflicts

Defense mechanisms

Free association
Dream analysis
Interpretation

Transference
Counter-transference / Enhancing the ego
Individual versus collective unconscious
Self-actualization

Figure 1. Relationship of intervention strategies to goals of psychotherapy.

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Substantive Divergence: How Differences in Application Affect the Experience of the Client

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Similar Challenges for Evaluation

Tests of a Good Theory

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Table 1

Evaluation of Freud and Jung in Theoretical Contributions

Subscale / Freud / Jung
Internal consistency / High / High
Verifiability / Low / Low
Comprehensiveness / High / Medium

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Who comes out on top?

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Conclusion

Freud and Jung agreed on the basic nature of human beings and focused their attention on early developmental conflicts and the role of the unconscious. However, their ideas about how dysfunction is assessed and change facilitated in psychotherapy differed. On the surface, many of their strategies appear similar, but dream analysis and interpretation, for example, are clearly approached in very different ways and with divergent change agendas. Freud and Jung are often spoken of in the same breath, in part as a point of comparison to non-psychoanalytic perspectives. To group them in this way, however, masks important differences in what practicing psychoanalysis meant to each of them. Each theorist has made a significant contribution to the practice of psychology that deserves independent recognition.


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