1. The Industrial “Gilded” Age

A. Growth of Technology

Many factors fueled industrial growth in the late 19th century: abundant ______, new technology, cheap energy, fast transport and the availability of capital and ______. Mines, forests and livestock in the ______provided raw materials for major industries, as did iron in Ohio and ______in Pennsylvania. Railroad expansion enabled businesses to move raw materials to factories and to send products to ______markets.The new machine tool industry sped up manufacturing. A trail of inventions, including the telephone, typewriter, phonograph, ______light, cash register, air ______, refrigerator car and automobile led to new industries.

  1. Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Business leaders also endorsed a policy laissez-faire which is a French term that means “______”. In fact, the federal government adopted policies ______big business. Congress passed high ______(taxes on imported products) that reduced ______competition; federal subsidies to railroads enriched investors; and courts ______labor more often than business

  1. Social Darwinism

Social Darwinists believed that life was a struggle for the “______of the ______”. Unregulated business interests would see ______businesses fail and healthy businesses thrive.

  1. Business Organizations
  2. Corporations
    A corporation is a form of business ______. The corporation made it possible for entreprenuers to finance large-scale enterprises because corporations issue ______, certificates representing ______of ownership in a corporation. By issuing stock, a corporation can enable thousands of individuals to pool financial resources and ______in a new venture.
  1. Monopoly
    A company or small group of companies that has complete control over a particular field is called a monopoly. Having a monopoly in a field would allow a company to ______to almost any level it desired. Some monopolies such as public ______are permitted but closely monitored by the government.
  1. Pool

Sometimes competing companies in one field would enter into agreements to______and divide business among themselves. Such an agreement is called a pool. ______companies in the late 1800’s formed pools which were later outlawed.

  1. Trust

Businesses also grew by combining into trusts. In a trust, a small group of business people, called trustees, acquire enough ______in several competing firms to ______those companies. The trustees are then able to manage and ______a group of companies in a unified way, in effect, creating a single firm out of competing firms. The trustees could ______competition among the firms that were part of the trust. A leading example was the Standard______Trust formed in Ohio in 1882 by John D. ______and his associates. Within a decade, trusts dominated many industries.

  1. Holding Company

To get around the outlawing of trusts, corporations formed holding companies. The holding company bought ______in different corporations rather than take operations over as a trust did. Over time holding companies were ______too.

  1. Captains of Industry/Robber Barons

1.Andrew Carnegie

The Carnegie Steel Company practiced ______integration; he bought companies that sold supplies to the steel industry, including coal and iron mines and a ______line. Carnegie thereby controlled every stage of the productive process from raw materials to ______. He also engaged in ______consolidation by ______his competitors. He priced his products so ______that competitors could not compete and make a ______and then he bought them out. By 1899 Carnegie's company was the world's biggest industrial corporation and produced ______of the nation's steel.

  1. John Pierpont Morgan

Trained as a ______, Morgan profited by making loans to growing businesses. He also took control of many bankrupt ______in the late 1800’s and reorganized them to be profitable. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel in 1901 and merged it with other companies to create the ______Steel Corporation, the world’s largest.

  1. John D. Rockefeller

Rockefeller entered the ______-______business during the Civil War. He believed competition was wasteful and used ruthless methods to ______competitors. By 1879, his Standard Oil Company controlled over 90% of American oil refining. In 1882 he formed the Standard Oil ______to control more aspects of oil production. He also gave millions away to charity.

  1. Henry Ford

Ford revolutionized auto making in 1913 by using a moving ______that permitted the mass production of cars, ______the cost of production. Ford also paid workers ______wages enabling them to purchase consumer products.

  1. Philanthropy

The Captains of Industry became philanthropists, donating vast sums of money to ______and such public works as schools, museums, ______and orchestras.

  1. Steps Toward Government Regulation
  2. The Interstate Commerce Act

In 1887 ______passed the Interstate Commerce Act which required railroad companies that transported passengers or goods to establish ______rates, to publish those rates and to adhere to them. It also banned unfair practices such as ______to favored customers. Finally, it created a new agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (______), to ______railroad operations. The new law did little to curb railroad power.

  1. Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

States tried to ______trusts, but big businesses eluded state control. Afraid that trusts would destroy competition, Congress in 1890 passed the Sherman Antitrust Act. The act banned businesses from joining together in ways that ______markets. It also outlawed ______, in which only a single seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service. But the law defined neither trust nor monopoly and was ______enforced. The courts threw out cases against trusts and used the law mainly to declare ______illegal. Legislators claimed that nions were combinations in restraint of ______because unions organized ______or strikes that restricted the flow of commerce and thus violated federal law.

G. The Rise of Labor Unions

From 1870 to 1900, employers replaced skilled labor with ______and low-paid workers. Factory tasks became specialized, ______and monotonous. The need for unskilled labor drew women and ______into the industrial work force. Some performed ______, work paid for according to the amount produced rather than the hours worked, in crowded tenements; others operated machinery in ______mills and garment plants. Workers lacked protection against industrial ______, long hours, wage cuts ______and sudden bouts of unemployment.

  1. Collective Bargaining
  1. The Knights of Labor

The Knights of Labor wasorganized in 1869 and tried to include all workers. Most unions of that era organized workers by trade and ______level. With the motto "an ______to one is the concern of all," the Knights of Labor attempted to attain its goals of: an ______-hour work day, the end of child labor and equal ______for equal work.Violence among ______and intensified disputes between the skilled trade unionistsand the industrial unionists weakened the organization.

  1. The American Federation of Labor -

As the Knights of Labor faded, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was organized in 1886. Led from 1886 to 1924 by Samuel ______an immigrant cigar maker from England, the AFL welcomed ______workers, almost all of them men. The AFL focused on hours, ______, working conditions, and union recognition by management. It also favored use of economic weapons such as strikes & ______. As the industrial work force grew, tensions increased between labor and management. They disagreed over issues such as ______, length of the working day and working conditions. Most employers vigorously ______trade union activity and struggles between workers and employers often became violent.

  1. The Great Railway Strike

Late 19th-century unions attracted only _____ percent of the work force but strikes involved far more workers. Thousands of strikes aroused public concern and violent events evoked ______in urban centers. The great railroad strike of ______was a ______strike (a strike by a union local without consent of the national union to which it belongs) set off by wage cuts on a single railroad line. It became a nationwide protest that almost ended rail traffic and led to scores of ______. Only the arrival of ______troops ended the strike.

  1. Haymarket Riot 1886

The Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago grew out of a strike against a company that built ______machinery. Union leaders called a protest meeting at which ______intervened and a ______exploded causing many deaths. Eight people were convicted of murder and four ______. Repelled by the violence, the public ______the labor movement for the casualties at Haymarket Square and Labor Unions ______influence.

  1. Homestead Strike
  1. The Pullman Strike

At the end of the 19th century business often ______workers' demands. In the 1890s, at employers' requests, ______troops crushed strikes at Idaho silver mines, Carnegie’s steel plants and Pullman railway works. The Pullman strike began when workers for the Pullman Palace Car Company protested ______cuts. The protest led thousands of workers to join the American Railway Union, led by Eugene V. ______. But employers, who united to break the union called for an ______, a court order for workers to ______to work. Federal troops arrived to enforce the ______against the union, riots ensued, the strike was crushed and Debs was arrested, convicted and ______.

The injunction was a powerful ______for business to use against labor.Besides the injunction, union organizers faced other obstacles, such as ______(lists of union activists circulated among employers) and attacks by ______detectives (agents of a private detective firm that guarded factories, protected railroads, and battled labor). In some instances, employers forced workers to sign "______contracts," in which they promised not to join unions.

  1. Immigration

Industrial workers of the late 19th century were often ______born. From 1865 to 1885 immigrants arrived mainly from Northern & ______Europe. The largest groups came from England, ______, ______and Scandinavia. They were called ______immigrants. From the mid-1880s until the 1920’s the number of newcomers from ______, ______and central Europe increased. Many “new immigrants” were Slavs—Poles, Czechs, Russians, ______, and ______.

1.Reasons for Immigration

Late 19th-century immigrants left their European homes to escape ______problems—scarce land, growing ______and the decline of subsistence farming. Most settled in the United States permanently, but others came only to make some ______and then return home. Immigration was encouraged by new technology such as ______which reduced the time it took to cross the ______from three months to _____ weeks or less.

  1. Assimilation (Melting – Pot Theory)

According to this theory immigrants ______into an already established American culture. They gave up their older languages and customs and became “______” in order to be accepted.

  1. Pluralism (Salad Bowl Theory)

Immigrants' lives changed dramatically after they arrived. Immigrants had to adjust to industrial labor, unfamiliar ______and city life. Clinging to their national identities and ______, immigrants prepared ethnic foods, read foreign language ______and celebrated ethnic holidays. At the same time, they patronized urban amusements, found community support in local ______machines and adapted to the new environment. According to this theory immigrants remained ______but created a new, larger whole.

  1. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

Tammany Hall was the name given to the ______Partypolitical machine that played a major role in New York City politics from the 1790s to the 1960s Tammany is forever linked with the rise of the ______in American politics. Beginning in 1846, large numbers of Irish Catholics began arriving in New York. Equipped with a knowledge of English, very tight loyalties, a genius for politics and what critics said was a propensity to use ______to control the polls, the Irish quickly dominated Tammany. Thousands of Irish men became neighborhood political activists. In exchange for ______they provided money, food, ______and other favors. As its power grew, Tammany's "bosses", called the Grand Sachem and their supporters enriched themselves through means legal and illegal. Perhaps the most famous boss of all was William M. "Boss" ______.

  1. Nativism

Immigrants' huge numbers, high concentrations in ______and non-Protestants faiths evoked nativist or ______- immigrant sentiments. To native-born Americans, the newcomers often seemed more alien and more transient, less ______and less skilled than earlier groups of immigrants. Some strains of nativism rested on belief in the ______of Anglo-Americans or Nordic peoples over all others. Native-born workers feared ______for jobs from new immigrants. They also feared that immigrants would work for ______wages, which might mean less pay or even ______for them.

  1. Chinese Exclusion Act

Nativism arose on the ______Coast where immigration from China had been heavy since the 1850s. Responding to anti-Chinese sentiment, especially among ______workers, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. The law curbed Chinese immigration for ______years, a period that was subsequently extended indefinitely.

  1. The Gentlemen’s Agreement

The Gentlemen’ Agreement of 1907 curbed immigration from ______. An informal agreement was made between Emperor Meiji and Theodore ______.

  1. Emergency Quota Act 1921

The Emergency Quota sharply ______the number of immigrants to the United States each year to about 350,000.

  1. National Origins Acts of …

1924 - Reduced immigration & favored immigrants from ______& ______Europe.

1929 – Limited immigration to ______per year.

  1. The Impact of Industrialization on American Society

1.Positive

By 1900 the United States had an advanced industrial economy, dominated by big ______. The corporation harnessed ingenuity, created unprecedented wealth and spurred the growth of new cities such as ______, Atlanta, Minneapolis and Dallas. It increased foreign trade. Industrial progress revolutionized the marketing of goods and transformed the ______world, now filled with clerical workers and middle managers. It also transformed homes by introducing indoor ______, electric lights and household appliances. Overall, industrialization made available labor-______products, lower prices for manufactured goods, advances in transportation and ______living standards.

2.Negative

Industrialization had liabilities as well. It brought about vast disparities of wealth and unreliable business cycles, in which ______and depression alternated. For laborers, industrialization meant ______for jobs, subsistence wages, insecurity and danger. Children worked in coal mines & ______mills; women labored in tenement sweatshops; workers faced the prospect of industrial ______and illnesses such as ______diseases. Industrialization also exploited natural resources and damaged the environment. Refiners and ______mills spewed oil into ______and smoke into the atmosphere. Finally, industrialization brought a relentless drive for efficiency and ______that led to ever larger, more powerful business and gave the corporate elite greater power in national ______.

  1. Farmers and Native Americans

1. The Homestead Act

The Homestead Act was enacted by Congress in 1862. It provided that anyone who was either the head of a household, _____ years old, or a veteran of 14 days of active service in the U.S. armed forces and who was a citizen could acquire a tract of land in the public domain not exceeding ______acres. To acquire title to the land the homesteader was obliged to settle on or ______the homestead for ______years..

  1. Indian Wars

The Native Americans confronted a growing stream of settlers--prospectors, ranchers and farm ______. The newcomers brought with them new ______that ravaged the tribes. The settlers also killed off the ______and thus damaged the Native American economy. Displacement by settlers and concentration on Indian reservations, mainly in ______, Wyoming, and the Dakotas, challenged the traditional Native American way of life.

a. Wounded Knee

In 1890 at the Battle of Wounded Knee ______troops fired on a group of ______and massacred from 150 to 370 men, women, and children. The Battle of Wounded Knee marked the end of Native American ______to settlement.

3. Dawes Act

In the late 19th century, ______developed a new policy toward Native Americans. Some people sought to suppress Native American culture by ______Native Americans to Christianity and turning them into ______. Land-hungry settlers and ______wanted the Native Americans removed from desirable land on the reservations. The Dawes Act, passed by Congress in ______, addressed both concerns. The law broke up ______and encouraged Natives to work on private farms. Native Americans families received ______plots of land carved from reservations as well as farm ______. These families were to give up their ______way of life on the reservations and become independent farmers. Few Native Americans ______from the Dawes Act; the greatest beneficiaries were land speculators, who under the law were able to buy the ______pieces of reservation land at very low prices.

K.Farmers

As farmers settled more western land from 1870 to 1900 the nation's agricultural production ______. New farm machinery such as the ______plow could slice through the heavy soil of the plains and the twine-binder gathered bundles of wheat and tied them with ______. New varieties of grain enlarged harvests. Barbed wire patented in 1874 enabled farmers to protect their property from roaming ______. Finally, railroads made it possible for Westernfarm produce to be sold in ______cities.By the late 19th century, farmers had grown increasingly ______on large businesses. Railroads transported their crops, banks loaned them money, manufacturers sold them farm machinery and unstable international markets for wheat and corn determined their ______. Overproduction drove prices ______. Farmers were frustrated by sagging prices, rising debt, high interest rates and such railroad practice as fixed prices or ______among customers.

1.The Grange

To try to address some of their problems, farmers joined together in 1867 and founded the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, or the Grange, which established cooperative ______and urged laws to curb railroad ______.

  1. The Populist Party

Hurt by crop failures in the 1880s, Midwestern farmers dealt with falling prices, scarce money and ______. To cope with these problems, farmers began forming farmers’ alliances. Working together in these cooperative organizations, farmers hoped to lower ______by buying supplies at reduced prices, obtaining ______at rates below those charged by banks and building ______to store crops until prices became favorable.
In the early 1890s, farmers formed a national party called the ______Party, whose members were called populists. The delegates nominated James B. ______as the party's candidate for president in 1892. Although he lost, the party won several governorships and ______seats.

Populists supported a slate of ______. These included calls for the government to issue more paper money based on the supply of ______in the National Treasury. This would cause the value of the money to ______causing inflation. Populists hoped this would ______farm prices and enable farmers to pay off their debts.

They also wanted the government to regulate closely or even to take over the ______in the hope of lowering farmers' transportation costs. The Populists also supported a graduated ______tax to more equitably distribute the costs of government as well as tariff reduction, abolition of national banks, direct popular elections of U.S______and an eight-hour workday for wage earners.

  1. The “Cross of Gold” Speech

The money question, an issue since the 1870s, dominated the election of 1896 . Populists supported the Democratic candidate, WilliamJennings ______who called for free silver or free and ______of silver. Bryan electrified the Democratic convention with a powerful denunciation of the gold standard. But Republican William ______with a huge campaign chest and ______support won the election.