3.3 and 3.4 Study Guide Key
1. Parliament gains power in England: The___Tudor______Monarchs worked with Parliament (especially King Henry VIII who had 6 wives and his youngest daughter Elizabeth I).
2. But then the Stuart Monarchs, starting with ______James I______clash with Parliament. He lectured the idea of the king having divine right and found himself involved in religious disputes.
3. His son, ______Charles I______, behaved like an absolute monarch and ignored the signed Petition of Right which prohibited the king from raising taxes without Parliament consent or jailing anyone without legal justification. The ____English Civil War______that followed lasted from 1642-1651. It was the Cavaliers, supporters of King Charles I vs.the Roundheads lead by Parliament and _____Oliver Cromwell______. The Cavaliers were defeated and the king was ___executed______. It was the first time a king was executed by his own people.
4. England’s _____kingless decade____ ended when Cromwell died and the monarchy was restored with Charles II.
Charles’s Catholic brother, James II, inherited the throne but caused problems with Parliament and the church. Parliament invited James’s Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband William to become rulers of England. James II fled and this bloodless transfer of power became known as the _____Glorious Revolution______.
5. Before they were crowned they had to accept the ______English Bill of Rights_____passed by Parliament in 1689. This gave Parliament power over the monarchy and granted many rights to the citizens (trial by jury and no cruel punishments). This turned England into a ______limited monarchy______. With time it will evolve into a constitutional government with political parties, a cabinet system, and prime minister.
6. The ___Enlightenment_____is the period during the 1600s and 1700s in which educated Europeans changed their outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to human progress. It is also known as the ____Age of Reason____.
7. Philosophers wanted to use newly developed ideas about natural laws and reason of the Scientific Revolution for problems in ______government and society______.
8. Many of these thinkers questioned the belief in the divine right of kings and stressed ______individual rights______that governments should respect. Many also felt that people should have a say in their government.
9. Enlightenment ideas about government can be found in our ______Declaration of Independence_____
and_____Constitution______.
10. ____Thomas Hobbes______believed people are naturally selfish and greedy therefore people enter into a social contract because only a powerful ____government______could keep order.
11. _____John Locke______believed the purpose of government was to protect the people’s natural rights. His ideas can be found in the ______Declaration of Independence______.
12. ______Denis Diderot______edited and published the Encyclopedia to “change the general way of thinking.”
13. ______Voltaire______defended freedom of thought. He said: “My trade is to say what I think.”
14. ______Montesquieu______advocated the idea of separation of powers in government.
15. ______Rousseau______promoted the idea that people in their natural state were essentially good but their innocence was corrupted by the evils of society.
16. ______Mary Wollstonecraft______argued that women deserved the same rights and opportunities as men and inspired many later leaders of the women’s rights movement in America.