The Technical Reading List

THE TECHNICAL READING LIST

The following is a list of publications from which information used to compile this article comes. If you want to pursue the technical literature, you should print this bibliography out and take it to the library with you, where you will find that it saves you a great deal of time. The ordinary public library probably will not have or be able to locate most of these listings for you; you will have to access either a University library or a library within a large Museum of Natural History, such as the American Museum in New York City, the British Museum in London, the National Museum of Canada in Toronto, the National Museum of Mexico in Mexico City, or the U.S. National Museum/Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Online Internet listings of the U.S. National Library may also be of assistance; go to http:/catalog.loc.gov or do a Google search for “Library of Congress catalog”.

Abusch-Siewert, S. 1983. Gebissmorphologische Untersuchungen an eurasiatischen Anchitherien (Equidae, Mammalia) unter besonder Berücksichtigung der Fundstelle Sandelzhausen. Courir Forschungsinstitut Senkenberg 62:1-361.

Agassiz, L. and A. Gould. 1851. Principles of Zoology. Gould and Lincoln Publishers, London.

Akersten, W.A., H.A. Lowenstam, and A. Walker. 1984. “Pigmentation” of soricine teeth: composition, ultrastructure, and function, inAm. Soc. Mammal. 64th Ann. Meeting, Abstracts. Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, no. 153, p. 40.

Alberdi, M.T., L. Caloi, and M.R. Palombro. 1992. Pleistocene equids from Western Europe: their biostratigraphy and palaeoecological characteristics, in F. Spitz et al., eds., Ongulés/Ungulates 91 (Toulouse, France). Société Francaise pour l’Etude de la Protection des Mammifères, Paris; and Institut de Recherche sur les Grands Mammifères, Toulouse, pp. 31-35.

Albritton, C.C. 1980. The Abyss of Time. Freeman, Cooper, and Co., San Francisco.

Alexander, R. N. 1988. Elastic Mechanisms in Animal Movement. Cambridge University Press, New York, 141 pp.

Alexander, R.N. 1989. On the synchronization of breathing with running in wallabies (Macropus spp.) and horses (Equus caballus). Jour. Zool. London, 218:69-85.

Alexander, R.N., N.J. Dimery, and R.F. Kerr. 1985. Elastic structures in the back and their role in galloping in some mammals. Jour. Zool. London, 207:467-482.

Allen, J.A. 1878. The geographical distribution of mammals. U.S. Geological Surv. 4:313-376.

Ambrose, S.H., and M.J. DeNiro. 1989. Climate and habitat reconstruction using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of collagen in prehistoric herbivore teeth from Kenya. Quaternary Research, 31:407-422.

Anderson, Elaine. 1984. Who’s who in the Pleistocene: a mammalian bestiary, in P.S. Martin and R.G. Klein, eds., Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 40-89.

Antonius, O. 1912. Was ist der "Tarpan"? Naturw. Wochenschr. 2(11):27.

Antonius, O. 1914. Equus abeli nov. spec. Beitr. Pal. Geol. Ost.Ung. Or. 26:19131915.

Antonius, O. 1919. Untersuchung uber den phylogenetischen Zusammenhang zwischen Hipparion und Equus.Zeitsch. Fur induktive Abstammungsund Vererbungslehre 20(4):273295.

Antonius, O. 1929. Streitfragen zur Phylogenie der Equiden. Verh. Zool.Bot. Ges. Wien (1928).

Arambourg, C. and J. Opieveteau. 1929. Les vertébrés du Pontian de Salonique. Ann. Paléont. 18:59-138.

Archibald, J.D., P.D. Gingerich, E.H. Lindsay, W.A. Clemens, D.W. Krause, and K.D. Rose. 1987. First North American Land Mammal Ages of the Cenozoic Era, in M.O. Woodburne, ed., Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy. The University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 24-76.

Arroyo-Cabrales, J., E. Johnson, and R.W. Ralph. 1993. New excavations at San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Current Res. in the Pleistocene, 10:91-94.

Axelrod, D.I. and H.P. Bailey. 1969. Paleotemperature analysis of Tertiary floras. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 6:163-195.

Ayala, F.J. 1988. Can “progress” be defined as a biological concept? In M.H. Nitecki, ed., Evoljutionary Progress. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 75-96.

Azzaroli, A. 1982. On Villafranchian Palaearctic Equus and their allies. Palaeontographica Italica, new ser, 72:74-97.

Azzaroli, A. 1990. The genus Equus in Europe, in E.H. Linsay, V. Fahlbusch, and P. Mein, eds., European Neogene Mammal Chronology, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 339-356.

Azzaroli, A. 1992. Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill. Annales Zoologica Fennici, 28:151-163.

Azzaroli, A. 1995. A synopsis of the Quaternary species of Equus in North America. Bolettino della Societa Paleontologica Italica, 34:205-221.

Azzaroli, A., and M.R. Voorhies. 1990. The genus Equus in North America: the Blancan species. Palaeontographica Italica, 80:175-198.

Azzaroli, A., C. De Giuli, G. Ficcarelli, and D. Torre. 1988. Late Pliocene to early mid-Pleistocene mammals in Eurasia: faunal succession and dispersal events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 66:77-100.

Bader, R.S. 1956. A quantitative study of the Equidae of the Thomas Farm Miocene. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 115:47-78.

Badgley, C. and L. Tauxe. 1990. Paleomagnetic stratigraphy and time in sediments: studies in alluvial Siwalik rocks of Pakistan. Jour. Geol. 98:457-477.

Badoux, D.M. 1987. Some biomechanical aspects of the structure of the equine tarsus. Anatomischer Anzeiger, Jena, 164:53-61.

Bagtache, B., D. Hadjouis, and V. Eisenmann. 1984. Présence d’un Equus caballin (E. algericus no. sp.) et d’une autre espèce nouvelle d’Equus (E. malkeinsis n. sp.) dans l’Aterian des Allobroges, Algérie. Comptes-Rendus d l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, 298, série II: 609-612.

Barbour, E. H. 1914. A new fossil horse, Hypohippus matthewi. Bull. Nebraska Geol. Surv., 4(10):169173, pl. I (H. matthewi).

Barry, J.C., E.H. Lindsay, and L.L. Jacobs. 1982. A biostratigraphic zonation of the middle and upper Siwaliks of the Potwar Plateau of northern Pakistan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 37:95-130.

Benirschke, K., N. Malouf, R.J. Low, and H. Heck. 1965. Chromosome complement: difference between Equus caballus and Equus przewalskii Poliakoff. Science, 148:382-383.

Bennett, D.K. 1980. Stripes do not a zebra make, Part I: A cladistic analysis of Equus. Syst. Zool., 239(2): 271-294.

Bennett, D.K. 1984. Cenozoic rocks and faunas of north-central Kansas, with an appendix concerning taxonomy and evolution in the genus Equus. The University of Kansas, Dept. Syst. and Ecol., dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Bennett, D.K. 1988. The ring of muscles. Equus Magazine, 121:36-42.

Bennett, D.K. 1992. The evolution of the horse, in J.W. Evans, ed., Horse Breeding and Management, World Encyclopedia of Animal Science, Vol. C7. Elsevier Publ., Amsterdam, pp. 1-40.

Benton, M.J. 1990. Vertebrate Palaeontology. Unwin Hyman Publ., London.

Berggren, W.A. and J.A. Van Couvering. 1974. The late Neogene: biostratigraphy, geochronolgy and paleoclimatology of the last 15 mmillion years in marine and continental sequences. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 16:1-216.

Bernour, R.L. and Hussain, S.T. 1985. An assessment of the systematic, phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Siwalik hipparionine horses. Jour. Vert. Paleo. 5:32-87.

Bernour, R.L. and H. Tobien. 1989. Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mamm.) from Samos, Greece. Mitt. Bayer. Staatsslg. Palaont. Hist. Geol. 29:207-226.

Berry, W.B.N. 1987. Growth of a Prehistoric Time Scale: Based on Organic Evoluton. Blackwell Scientific Publl, Palo Alto, California.

Bock, W.J. 1973. Philosophical foundations of classical evolutionary classification. Syst. Zool., 22:375-392.

Boddaert, P. 1785. Elenchus Animalium. C.R. Hake, Roterodami [Rotterdam], Sistens huc usque nota, eorumque varietates, I: 1-173.

Boessnick, J. 1970. Ein altaegyptisches Pferdeskelett. Mitteilungen Deutschen Archaeologischen Institut (Kairo), 26:43-47.

Boessnick, J. and A. Von den Driesch. 1976. Pferde im 4./3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. In Ostanatolien. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 24:82-87.

Bonaparte, J.F. 1986. A new and unusual late Cretaceous mammal from Patagonia. Jour. Vert. Paleontol. 6:264-270.

Boné, E.L. and R. Singer. 1965. Hipparion from Langebaanweg, Cape Province and a revision of the genus in Africa. Ann. South African Mus. 48:273-397.

Boulé, M. 1899. Observations sur queleques equides fossiles. Bull. Soc. Geol. France 3:27.

Bowler, P.J. 1986. Fossils and Progress: Paleontology and the Idea of Progressive Evolution in the Nineteenth Century. Science History Pubglications, New York.

Bowler, P.J. 1989. Holding your head up high: degeneration and orthogenesis in theories of human evolution, in J.R. Moore, ed., History, Humanity, and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, pp. 329-353.

Branco, W. 1883. Eine fossile SaugethierFauna von Punin bei Riobamba in Ecuador. Pal. Abh. 1:2.

Brentjes, B. 1972. Das Pferd im Alten Orient. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 20:325-353.

Brincken, J. (Baron de). 1828. Mémoire Descriptif sur la Forêt Impériele de Bialowieza, en Lithuanie. N. Glücksberg, Imprmeur – Libraire de l’Université Royale, Varsovie [Warsaw], 127 pp.

Brooks, C.E.P. 1928. Climate Through the Ages: A Study of the Climatic Factors and their Variation. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Broom, R. 1909. On the evidence of a large horse recently extinct in South Africa. Ann. South Afr. Mus., Kapstadt, 7:281282.

Brown, T.M. and A.J. Kihm. 1981. Xenicohippus, an unusual new hyracothere (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from lower Eocene rocks of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. Jour. Paleontol. 55:257-270.

Brown, W.L. Jr. 1987. Punctuated equilibria excused: the original examples fail to support it. Biol. Jour. Linnean Soc. 31:383-404.

Burmeister, H. 1875. Los Caballos Fòsiles de la Pampa Argentina. La Tribuna Press, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Butler, P.M. 1952a. The milk-molars of Perissodactyla, with remarks on molar occlusion. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 121:777-817.

Butler, P.M. 1952b. Molarisation of premolars in Perissodactyla. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 121:819-843.

Cabrera, A. 1936. Subspecific and individual variation in the Burchell zebras. Jour. Mamm. 17:89112.

Cain, A.J. 1954. Animal Species and Their Evolution. Hutchinson’s University Library, London.

Camp, C.L. and N. Smith. 1942. Phylogeny and functions of the digital ligaments of the horse. Univ. California Mem. 13:69-124.

Carroll, R.L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. Freeman Co., New York.

Carter, D.C. 1984. Perissodactyls, in S. Anderson and J. K. Jones, Jr., eds., Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 549-562.

Cerling, T.E., J. Quade, Y. Wang, and J.R. Bowman. 1989. Carbon isotopes in soils and paleosols as ecology and paleoecology indicators. Nature 341:138-9.

Chaney, R.W. and Elias, M.K. 1926. Late Tertiary floras from the High Plains. Carneg. Inst. Wash. Publ. 476:1-72.

Chow, M. and T. Qi. 1978. Paleocene mammalian faunas from Nomogen formation of Inner Mongolia. Vert. Palasiatica 16:77-85.

Christol, A. de 1832. [No title; description of Hipparion]. Ann. Sci. Indust. du Midi de France, Vol. I:180181.

Chubb, S.H. 1934. Frontal protuberances in horses: an explanation of the so-called “horned” horse. Am. Mus. Novitates 740:1-9.

Churcher, C.S. and A. McS. Stalker. 1970. A late, postglacial horse from Pashley, Alberta. Canadian Jour. Earth Sci., 7:1020-1026.

Churcher, C.S. 1982. Oldest ass recovered from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and the origin of asses. Jour. Paleo. 56(5):11241132.

Churcher, C.S., and M.L. Richardson. 1978. Equidae, in: V.J. Maglio and H.B.S. Cooke, eds., Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 379442.

Cifelli, R.L. 1981. Patterns of evolution among the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla (Mammalia). Evolution 35:433-440.

Clark, J., J.R. Beerbower, and K.K. Kietzke. 1967. Oligocene sedimentation, stratigraphy, paleoecology and paleoclimatology in the Big Badlands of South Dakota. Fieldiana: Geol. Mem. 5:1-158.

Clutton-Brock, J. 1981. Domesticated Animals from Early Times. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Colbert, E.H. 1935. Distributional and phylogenetic studies on Indian fossil mammals. II. The correlation of the Siwaliks of India as inferred by the migrations of Hipparion and Equus. Amer. Mus. Novitates 797:1-15.

Colbert, E.H. 1968. Men and Dinosaurs: the Search in Field and Laboratory. Dutton & Co., New York.

Colbert, E.H. 1980. Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time. Wiley & Sons, New York.

Cooper, C.F. 1932. The genus Hyracotherium: a revision and description of new specimens found in England. Phil. Trans.Roy. Soc. London, 431:2248.

Cope, E. D. 1873. Third notice of extinct Vertebrata from the Tertiary of the plains, Palaeontological Bull. no. 16: 18 (Anchitherium cuneatum, p. 7).

Cope, E. D. 1874. Report on the vertebrate paleontology of northern Colorado, Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr. embr. Colorado (1873), p. 496 (Anchitherium exoletum); p. 12, no fig. (Hippotherium paniense); p. 13, no fig. (Protohippus labrosus); p. 15, no fig. (Protohippus sejunctus)

Cope, E. D. 1875. On some new fossil Ungulata. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 27:259260, no fig. (Hippotherium calamarium).

Cope, E. D. 1878. On some of the characters of the Miocene fauna of Oregon. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 18(18781880), p. 73, no fig. (Anchitherium equiceps); 745, no fig (A. brachylophum); 75, no fig. (A. longicristis); p. 76, no fig. (Stylonus seversus).

Cope, E. D. 1879. A new Anchitherium. Amer. Nat. 13(7):4623, no fig. (Anchitherium praestans).

Cope, E. D. 1880. A new Hippidium. Amer. Nat. 14(3):223, no fig. (H. spectans).

Cope, E. D. 1881. On the origin of the foot structure of the ungulates. Amer. Nat. 15(4):271, fig. 3 (figure of Protohippus sejunctus)

Cope, E.D. 1884. The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West, Book 1. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

Cope, E. D. 1885a. Report on the coal deposits near Lacualtipan, in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 23(1886):150151, fig. 2 (Protohippus castilli)

Cope, E. D. 1885b. Pliocene horses of southwestern Texas, Amer. Nat. 19(12):120809, pl. xxxvii, fig. 6 (more on Protohippus castilli) p. 12089, no description, pl. 37, fig. 5 (Hippotherium peninsulatum)

Cope, E. D. 1886a. On two new species of threetoed horses from the Upper Miocene, with notes on the fauna of the Ticholeptus beds. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 23(1886):359, no fig. (Hippotherium seversum); p. 360361, no fig. (Hippotherium rectidens); p. 357358, no fig. (Anchitherium ultimum)

Cope, E. D. 1886b. Report on the coal deposits near Lacualtipan, in the State of Hidalgo, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 23:150, fig. 1 (description of Hipparion peninsulatum)

Cope, E. D. 1887. The Perissodactyla. Amer. Nat. 21(12):1069, fig. 36.

Cope, E. D. 1889a. An intermediate Pliocene fauna. Amer. Nat. 23(268):2534, no fig. (Hippotherium relictum).

Cope, E. D. 1889b. A review of the North American species of Hippotherium. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 26(1889):449, figs. 19, 19a, 20 (more on H. relictum); more on Stylonus seversus; p. 449, no fig. (Hippotherium sphenodus); p. 446, figs. 7, 7a, 8 (Hippotherium retrusum); p. 4467, no fig. (Protohippus or Hippotherium profectus); p. 434435, figs. 2, 2a (descr. and figs. of Hippotherium sinclairi Wortman)

Cope, E. D. 1892. A contribution to the vertebrate paleontology of Texas. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 30(137):1245, fig. 1 (Equus simplicidens).

Cope, E. D. 1893a. On the permanent and temporary dentitions of certain threetoed horses. Amer. Nat. 26(1892):9434, pl. XXVI, fig. 1 (Protohippus pachyops); see also Cope, 1893b, for description.

Cope, E. D. 1893b. A preliminary report on the vertebrate paleontology of the Llano Estacado. Fourth Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Texas (1892), pp. 2629, pl. iii, fig. 1, pl. ix, figs. 2,3 (description of Protohippus pachyops); p. 3032, pls. v, vi, vii (Protohippus fossulatus); p. 4243, pl. xii, figs. 3, 3a, 4 (Hippidium interpolatum); p. 67, pl. xx, fig. 7 (Equus cumminsii); p. 678, pl. xx, fig. 8 (Equus minutus); p. 4142, pl. xii, figs. 1,2,2a (Protohippus lenticularis); p. 4345, pl. xx, figs. 6, 6a (Equus eurystylus)

Cope, E.D., and W.D. Matthew. 1915. Tertiary Mammalia and Permian Vertebrata. U.S. Geological Survey and American Museum of Natural History Monograph Series no. 2, plates ICLIV.

Corbet, G.B. and J. Clutton-Brock. 1984. Appendix: taxonomy and nomenclature, in I.L. Mason, ed., The Evolution of Domesticated Animals, pp. 434-438.

Cracraft, J. 1981. Patterns and process in paleobiology: the role of cladistic analysis in systematic paleontology. Paleobiology 7:456-468.

Crusafont, M., and P. Sondaar. 1971. Une nouvelle espece d'Hipparion du Pliocene terminal d'Espagne. Palaeovertebrata 4: 2837.

Cuvier, F.G. 1825. Des dents des mammiferes, consideres comme caracteres zoologiques, in F.G. Leverault, ed., Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, GUAHEO, Paris, Vol. 20: 1572.

Cuvier, G. 1825a. Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on retablit les caractéres de plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont detruit les espéces. Paris.

Cuvier, G. 1825b. Des dents des mammiferes, considerés comme carateres zoologiques, in F.G. Leverault (ed.), Dictionnaire des Sciences Naurelles, GUAHEO, Paris, 20:1-572.

Cuvier, G. 1836. Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles. Edmond D’Ocagne, Paris.

Dalquest, W.W. 1965. The Pleistocene horse E. conversidens. Amer. Midl. Nat. 74(2):408417.

Dalquest, W.W. 1967. Mammals of the Pleistocene Slaton local fauna of Texas. Southw. Nat. 12(1):130.

Dalquest, W.W. 1978. Phylogeny of American horses of Blancan and Pleistocene age. Ann. Zoologica Fennici 15:191199.

Dalquest, W.W. 1988. Astrohippus [sic] and the origin of Blancan and Pleistocene horses. Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech. Univ. 116:1-23.

Dalrymple, G.B. 1979. Critical tables for conversion of K-Ar ages from old to new constants. Geology 7:558-560.

Dalrymple, G.B. and M.A. Lanphere. 1969. Potassium-Argon Dating: Principles, Techniques, and Applications to Geochronology. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.

Darlington, P.J. 1957. Zoogeography: the Geographical Distribution of Animals. Wiley & Sons, New York.

Darwin, Charles. 1852. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited During the Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle Round the World, new ed. Murray Co., London.

Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species (a facsimile of the first edition, with introduction by Ernst Mayr, 1964). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts.

Dashzeveg, D. 1979. On an archaic representative of the equoids (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Eocene of central Asia. Trans. Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontol. Exped. 8:10-22.

Davis, S.J. 1980. Late Pleistocene and Holocene equid remains from Israel. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc., 70-289-312.

De Cristol, A. 1832. Fossil horse remains from Mt. Leberon, southern France. Ann. Sci. Indust. Du Midi de France, Vol. 1: 215.

Déperet, C. 1917. Monographie de la faune de mammiferes fossiles du Ludien inferieur d’Euzetles-Bain (Gard). Ann. L’Univ. Lyon, I, Sciences, Medecine, 40:1-274.

De Porta, J. 1960. Los equidos fósiles de la Sabana de Bogotá. Bol. Geol., Univ. Industrial Santander (Colombia) 4:51-78.

Desmond, A. 1982. Archetypes and Ancestors: Palaeontology in Victorian London 1850-1875. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Devillers, C. J. Mahe, D. Ambrose, R. Bauchot, and E. chatelain. 1984. Allometric studies on the skull of living and fossil Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla). Jour. Vert. Paleontol. 4:471-480.

Dimery, N.J., R. McN. Alexander, and K.A. Deyst. 1985. Mechanics of the ligamentum nuchae of some artiodactyls. Jour. Zool. (London), 206:341-351.

Dimery, N.J., R. McN. Alexander, and R.F. Kerr. 1986. Elastic extension of leg tendons in the locomotion of horses (Equus caballus). Jour. Zool. London, 210:415-425.

Donoghue, M.J., J.A. Doyle, J. Gauthier, A.G. Kiluge, and T. rowe. 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:431-460.

Douglass, E. 1899. The Neocene lake beds of western Montana and descriptions of some new vertebrates from the Loup Fork, Th. for the Degree of M.S., Univ. Montana, June, 1899, pp. 2627, no fig. (A[n]chitherium minimus).

Douglass, E. 1908. Fossil horses from North Dakota and Montana. Ann. Carneg. Mus., 4 (3 and 4):2689, pl. lxv, figs. 2 and 3. (Mesohippus portentus); pp. 271273, pl.. LXVII, figs. 34, pl. lxvii, figs. 68 (Altippus taxus); p. 274, pls. lxvi, lxviii, figs. 12 (Merychippus ? missouriensis)

Downs, T. 1961. A study of variation and evolution in Miocene Merychippus. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contrib. Sci. 45:1-75.

Duerst, J.U. 1908. Animal remains from the excavations at Anau and the horse of Anau in its relation to the races of domestic horse. Explorations in Turkmenistan, vol. II.

Durham, J.W. 1959. Paleoclimates, in L.H. Ahrens (ed.), Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 3. Pergamon Press, New York.

Edinger, Tilly. 1948. Evolution of the horse brain. Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer., 25:1-92.

Edinger, Tilly. 1950. Frontal sinus evolution (particularly in the Equidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard University, 103:412-496.

Edinger, Tilly and D.B. Kitts. 1954. The foramen ovale. Evolution, 8:389-404.

Eisenberg, J.F. 1981. The Mammalian Radiations: An Analysis of Trends in Evolution, Adaptations, and Behavior. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Eisenmann, V. 1975. Nouvelles interprétations des restes d’Equidés (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) de Nihowan (Plèistocéne Inférieur de la Chine du Nord): Equus teilhardi nov. sp. Géobios 8:125-134.

Eisenmann, V. 1977. Les Hipparions africains: Valeur et signification de quelques caractères des jugales infèrieures. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (France) 438:69-86.

Eisenmann, V. 1986. Comparative osteology of modern and fossil horses, half-asses, and asses, in R.H. Meadow and H.-P. Uerpmann, eds., Equids in the Ancient World. L. Reichart Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 67-116.