A. Interpretation- the Earth S Oceans Are the 5 Major Oceans

Topicality

Topicality 1NC- Oceans

A. Interpretation- the Earth’s Oceans are the 5 major oceans

NALMS 14 – North American Lake Management Society, “WATER WORDS GLOSSARY”, http://www.nalms.org/home/publications/water-words-glossary/O.cmsx

OCEAN

Generally, the whole body of salt water which covers nearly three fourths of the surface of the globe. The average depth of the ocean is estimated to be about 13,000 feet (3,960 meters); the greatest reported depth is 34,218 feet (10,430 meters), north of Mindanao in the Western Pacific Ocean. The ocean bottom is a generally level or gently undulating plain, covered with a fine red or gray clay, or, in certain regions, with ooze of organic origin. The water, whose composition is fairly constant, contains on the average 3 percent of dissolved salts; of this solid portion, common salt forms about 78 percent, magnesium salts 15-16 percent, calcium salts 4 percent, with smaller amounts of various other substances. The density of ocean water is about 1.026 (relative to distilled water, or pure H2O). The oceans are divided into the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans.

And, the federal government is the central government, distinguished from the states

OED 89 (Oxford English Dictionary, 2ed. XIX, p. 795)

b. Of or pertaining to the political unity so constituted, as distinguished from the separate states composing it.

B. Violation- the IOOS is not limited to USFG action- it includes state, regional, and private sectors

IOOS report to congress 13 [Official US IOOS report sent to congress. 2013, “U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (U.S. IOOS) 2013 Report to Congress,” http://www.ioos.noaa.gov/about/governance/ioos_report_congress2013.pdf //jweideman]

U.S. IOOS works with its eyes on the future. The successes of U.S. IOOS are achieved through cooperation and coordination among Federal agencies, U.S. IOOS Regional Associations, State and regional agencies, and the private sector. This cooperation and coordination requires a sound governance and management structure. In 2011 and 2012, program milestones called for in U.S. IOOS legislation were achieved, laying the groundwork for more success in the future. First, the U.S. IOOS Advisory Committee was established. Second, the Independent Cost Estimate was delivered to Congress. As part of the estimate, each of the 11 U.S. IOOS Regional Associations completed 10-year build-out plans, describing services and products to address local user needs and outlining key assets required to meet the Nation’s greater ocean-observing needs.

And, the IOOS also applies to the Great Lakes

NOS and NOAA 14 [Federal Agency Name(s): National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce Funding Opportunity Title: FY2014 Marine Sensor and Other Advanced Observing Technologies Transition Project. “ANNOUNCEMENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY,” http://www.ioos.noaa.gov/funding/fy14ffo_msi_noaa_nos_ioos_2014_2003854.pdf //jweideman]

1. Marine Sensor Transition Topic: U.S. IOOS seeks to increase the rate that new or existing marine sensor technologies are transitioned into operations mode in order to facilitate the efficient collection of ocean, coastal and Great Lakes observations. The Marine Sensor Transition topic is focused on transitioning marine sensors from research to operations mode to meet the demonstrated operational needs of end-users. Letters of Intent (LOIs) are being solicited for this topic with particular emphasis on a) projects comprised of multi-sector teams of partners, b) projects that will meet the demonstrated operational needs of end-users, and c) sensors that are at or above TRL 6. Applicants with sensors for ocean acidification that are at or above TRL 6 are also eligible to apply to this topic if they have strong commitments for operational transition

C. Voting issue for fairness and ground- extra topicality forces the neg to waste time debating T just to get back to square one, and it allows the aff to gain extra advantages, counterplan answers, and link turns to disads

2NC Impact-Education

Definitions are key to education about IOOS

The use of standard terms or vocabularies to describe ocean observations data is critical to facilitating broad sharing and integration of data. Working closely SECOORA and the community-based Marine Metadata Interoperability Project, U.S. IOOS has published nine recommended vocabularies over the past 12 months for review by the ocean observing community including lists for platforms, parameters, core variables, and biological terms. These efforts are helping lead the ocean observing community towards significantly improved levels of consistency via an improved semantic framework through which users can adopt recommended vocabularies or convert their vocabularies to terms that are perhaps used more widely.

2NC Cards- Oceans

IOOS includes monitoring the Great Lakes

IOOS report to congress 13 [Official US IOOS report sent to congress. 2013, “U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (U.S. IOOS) 2013 Report to Congress,” http://www.oos.noaa.gov/about/governance/ioos_report_congress2013.pdf //jweideman]

The IOOC recognizes that U.S. IOOS must be responsive to environmental crises while maintaining the regular long-term ocean observation infrastructure required to support operational oceanography and climate research. As a source of our Nation’s ocean data and products, U.S. IOOS often serves as a resource for the development of targeted applications for a specific location or sector. At the same time, U.S. IOOS organizes data from across regions and sectors to foster the national and international application of local data and products broadly across oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes. Events over the last few years, including Hurricane Sandy and the Deep Water Horizon oil spill have awakened U.S. communities to the value and necessity of timely ocean information. IOOC commends U.S. IOOS for responsive and capable support to the Nation in these events in addition to diverse everyday support to the Nation’s maritime economy. We have much more work to do to build and organize the ocean-observing infrastructure of the Nateion and look forward to wrking with congress on this continuing challenge.

Ocean exploration is distinct from Great Lakes observation

COR 01 ~ Committee On Resources, “OCEAN EXPLORATION AND COASTAL AND OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEMS”, Science Serial No. 107–26 Resources Serial No. 107–47, Accessed 7/3/14 //RJ

On a summer day, our eyes and ears can sense an approaching thunderstorm. Our senses are extended by radar and satellites to detect advancing storm systems. Our senses are being extended yet again to anticipate changing states affecting coasts and oceans, our environment, and our climate. To truly understand the con- sequences of our actions on the environment and the environment’s impact on us, data obtained through ocean exploration, coastal observations, and ocean observa- tions will be critical.

‘‘Coastal observations’’ include observations in the Nation’s ports, bays, estuaries, Great Lakes, the waters of the EEZ, and adjacent land cover. Some of the properties measured in coastal zones, such as temperature and currents, are the same as those measured in the larger, basin-scale ocean observation systems. However, the users and applications of those data can be quite different. For those properties that are similar, there should be a consistent plan for deployment in the coastal and open ocean systems so that coastal observations represent a nested hierarchy of observa- tions collected at higher resolution than those from the open ocean.

“Oceans” are only the 5 major bodies of water – landlocked and adjacent lakes and rivers are excluded.

Rosenberg 14 ~ Matt Rosenberg, Master's in Geography from CSU, “Names for Water Bodies”, http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/waterbodies.htm, accessed 7/3/14 //RJ

Water bodies are described by a plethora of different names in English - rivers, streams, ponds, bays, gulfs, and seas, to name a few. Many of these terms' definitions overlap and thus become confusing when one attempts to pigeon-hole a type of water body. Read on to find out the similarities (and differences) between terms used to describe water bodies.

We'll begin with the different forms of flowing water. The smallest water channels are often called brooks but creeks are often larger than brooks but may either be permanent or intermittent. Creeks are also sometimes known as streams but the word stream is quite a generic term for any body of flowing water. Streams can be intermittent or permanent and can be on the surface of the earth, underground, or even within an ocean (such as the Gulf Stream).

A river is a large stream that flows over land. It is often a perennial water body and usually flows in a specific channel, with a considerable volume of water. The world's shortest river, the D River, in Oregon, is only 120 feet long and connects Devil's Lake directly to the Pacific Ocean.

A pond is a small lake, most often in a natural depression. Like a stream, the word lake is quite a generic term - it refers to any accumulation of water surrounded by land - although it is often of a considerable size. A very large lake that contains salt water, is known as a sea (except the Sea of Galilee, which is actually a freshwater lake).

A sea can also be attached to, or even part of, an ocean. For example, the Caspian Sea is a large saline lake surrounded by land, the Mediterranean Sea is attached to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Sargasso Sea is a portion of the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by water.

Oceans are the ultimate bodies of water and refers to the five oceans - Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Indian, and Southern. The equator divides the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Oceans into the North and South Atlantic Ocean and the North and South Pacific Ocean.

The plan explodes ground- includes the great lakes

NOS and NOAA 14 [Federal Agency Name(s): National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce Funding Opportunity Title: FY2014 Marine Sensor and Other Advanced Observing Technologies Transition Project. “ANNOUNCEMENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY,” http://www.ioos.noaa.gov/funding/fy14ffo_msi_noaa_nos_ioos_2014_2003854.pdf //jweideman]

2NC Cards- USFG

The data sharing components are the critical part of IOOS- they cant say they just don’t do the extra-topical parts

Observations are of little value if they cannot be found, accessed, and transformed into useful products. The U.S. IOOS Data Management and Communications subsystem, or “DMAC,” is the central operational infrastructure for assessing, disseminating, and integrating existing and future ocean observations data. As a core functional component for U.S. IOOS, establishing DMAC capabilities continues to be a principal focus for the program and a primary responsibility of the U.S. IOOS Program Office in NOAA. Importance and Objectives of DMAC Although DMAC implementation remains a work in progress, a fully implemented DMAC subsystem will be capable of delivering real-time, delayed-mode, and historical data. The data will include in situ and remotely sensed physical, chemical, and biological observations as well as model-generated outputs, including forecasts, to U.S. IOOS users and of delivering all forms of data to and from secure archive facilities. Achieving this requires a governance framework for recommending and promoting standards and policies to be implemented by data providers across the U.S. IOOS enterprise, to provide seamless long-term preservation and reuse of data across regional and national boundaries and across disciplines. The governance framework includes tools for data access, distribution, discovery, visualization, and analysis; standards for metadata, vocabularies, and quality control and quality assurance; and procedures for the entire ocean data life cycle. The DMAC design must be responsive to user needs and it must, at a minimum, make data and products discoverable and accessible, and provide essential metadata regarding sources, methods, and quality. The overall DMAC objectives are for U.S. IOOS data providers to develop and maintain capabilities to: • Deliver accurate and timely ocean observations and model outputs to a range of consumers; including government, academic, private sector users, and the general public; using specifications common across all providers • Deploy the information system components (including infrastructure and relevant personnel) for full life-cycle management of observations, from collection to product creation, public delivery, system documentation, and archiving • Establish robust data exchange responsive to variable customer requirements as well as routine feedback, which is not tightly bound to a specific application of the data or particular end-user decision support tool U.S. IOOS daia providers therefore are being encouraged lo address the following DMAC- specific objectives: • A standards-based foundation for DMAC capabilities: U.S. IOOS partners must clearly demonstrate how they will ensure the establishment and maintenance of a standards- based approach for delivering their ocean observations data and associated products to users through local, regional and global/international data networks • Exposure of and access to coastal ocean observations: U.S. IOOS partners must describe how they will ensure coastal ocean observations are exposed to users via a service- oriented architecture and recommended data services that will ensure increased data interoperability including the use of improved metadata and uniform quality-control methods • Certification and governance of U.S. IOOS data and products: U.S. IOOS partners must present a description of how they will participate in establishing an effective U.S. IOOS governance process for data certification standards and compliance procedures. This objective is part of an overall accreditation process which includes the other U.S. IOOS subsystems (observing, modeling and analysis, and governance)