Supplemental table 1. Classification of the nature of (and, where applicable, the design of) the papers/websites using or citing the WISCI or WISCI II. Original papers subclassification of subjects: cohorts (= or > 30); case series (4 to 29); and case reports (1 to 3).

Citation / Original / review / Type of design (number of cases) / Prospective / retrospective / Only cited / used
  1. Bluvshtein V, Front L, Itzkovich M, Aidinoff E, Gelernter I, Hart J, Biering-Soerensen F, et al. SCIM III is reliable and valid in a separate analysis for traumatic spinal cord lesions Spinal Cord (2011) 49, 292–296
/ Original / Cohort (261) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. Burns AS, Delparte JJ, Patrick M, Marino RJ, Ditunno JF. The reproducibility and convergent validity of the walking index for spinal cord injury (WISCI) in chronic spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011 25(2):149-57.
/ Original / Cohort (76) / Prospective / Used
  1. Ellaway PH, Kuppuswamy A, Balasubramaniam AV, Maksimovic R, Gall A, Craggs MD, et al. Development of quantitative and sensitive assessments of physiological and functional outcome during recovery from spinal cord injury: A clinical initiative. Brain Res Bull. 2011 84(4-5):343-57.
/ Original (review) / Case series (12) / Used
  1. Furlan JC, Noonan V, Singh A, Fehlings MG, Assessment of Disability in Patientswith Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Neurotrauma. 2011 28(8):1413-30
/ Review / Used
  1. Galen SS, Clarke CJ, Allan DB, Conway BA. A portable gait assessment tool to record temporal gait parameters in SCI. Medical Engineering and Physics. 2011 33(5):626-32.
/ Original / Case series (18) / Prospective / Used
  1. Gil-Agudo A, Pérez-Nombela S, Forner-Cordero A, Pérez-Rizo E, Crespo-Ruiz B, Del Ama-Espinosa A. Gait kinematic analysis in patients with a mild form of central cord syndrome. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2011 2;8:7
/ Original / Case series (12 SCI + 20 controls) / Used
  1. Harvey LA, Folpp H, Denis S, Barratt D, Quirk R, Allison GT, et al. Clinicians and patients impressions of change in motor performance as potential outcome measures for clinical trials. Spinal Cord. 2011 49(1):30-5.
/ Original / Cohort (30) / Prospective / Used
  1. Hicks AL, Martin Ginis KA, Pelletier CA, Ditor DS, Foulon B, Wolfe DL. The effects of exercise training on physical capacity, strength, body composition and functional performance among adults with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord (2011), 1–25
/ Review / Used
  1. Houldin A, Luttin K, Lam T. Locomotor adaptations and aftereffects to resistance during walking in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2011 106(1):247-58.
/ Original / Case series (9) / Prospective / Used
  1. Musselman K, Brunton K, Lam T, Yang J. Spinal cord injury functional ambulation profile: A new measure of walking ability. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011 25(3):285-93.
/ Original / Cohort (32) / Prospective / Used
  1. Patrick M, Ditunno P, Ditunno JF, Marino RJ, Scivoletto G, Lam T, et al. Consumer preference in ranking walking function utilizing the walking index for spinal cord injury II. Spinal Cord. 2011 Dec;49(12):1164-72
/ Original / Cohort (42) / Prospective / Used
  1. Rupp R, Plewa H, Schuld C, Gerner HJ, Hofer EP, Knestel M. MotionTherapy@Home - first results of a clinical study with a novel robotic device for automated locomotion therapy at home. Biomed Tech. 2011 56(1):11-21.
/ Original / Case series (8) / Prospective / Used
  1. Schwartz I, Sajina A, Neeb M, Fisher I, Katz-Luerer M, Meiner Z. Locomotor training using a robotic device in patients with subacute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord (2011), 1–6
/ Original / Case series (28) / Prospective / Used
  1. Scivoletto G, Farchi S, Laurenza L, Molinari M. Traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord lesions: An italian comparison of neurological and functional outcomes. Spinal Cord. 2011 49(3):391-6.
/ Original / Cohort (380) / Retrospective / Used
  1. Scivoletto G, Lapenna LM, Di Donna V, Laurenza L, Sterzi S, Foti C, et al. Neoplastic myelopathies and traumatic spinal cord lesions: An italian comparison of functional and neurological outcomes. Spinal Cord. 2011 49(7):799-805.
/ Original / Cohort (271) / Retrospective / Used
  1. Scivoletto G, Tamburella F, Laurenza L, Foti C, Ditunno JF, Molinari M. Validity and reliability of the 10-m walk test and the 6-min walk test in spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord. 2011 49(6):736-40.
/ Original / Cohort (37) / Prospective / Used
  1. Tester NJ, Howland DR, Day KV, Suter SP, Cantrell A, Behrman AL. Device use, locomotor training and the presence of arm swing during treadmill walking after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011 49(3):451-6.
/ Original / Cohort (30) / Prospective / Used
  1. Theiss RD, Hornby TG, Rymer WZ, Schmit BD. Riluzole decreases flexion withdrawal reflex but not voluntary ankle torque in human chronic spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2011 105(6):2781-90.
/ Original / RCT (7) / Used
  1. Yang JF, Norton J, Nevett-Duchcherer J, Roy FD, Gross DP, Gorassini MA. Volitional Muscle Strength in the Legs Predicts Changes in Walking Speed Following Locomotor Training in People With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Phys Ther 2011 91(6):931-943
/ Original / Case series (19) / Prospective / Used
  1. Wirz M, Bastiaenen C, de Bie R, Dietz V. Effectiveness of automated locomotor training in patients with acute incomplete spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled multicenter trial. BMC Neurology. 2011 27;11:60
/ Original (study protocol) / Used
  1. Benito Penalva J, Opisso E, Medina J, Corrons M, Kumru H, Vidal J, et al. H reflex modulation by transcranial magnetic stimulation in spinal cord injury subjects after gait training with electromechanical systems. Spinal Cord. 2010 48(5):400-6.
/ Original / Case series (29) / Prospective / Used
  1. Ditunno JF. Outcome measures: Evolution in clinical trials of neurological/ functional recovery in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2010 48(9):674-84.
/ Review / Used
  1. Duschau-Wicke A, Caprez A, Riener R. Patient-cooperative control increases active participation of individuals with SCI during robot-aided gait training. J J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2010 10;7:43
/ Original / Case series (11) / Used
  1. Duschau-Wicke A, Von Zitzewitz J, Caprez A, Lünenburger L, Riener R. Path control: A method for patient-cooperative robot-aided gait rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2010 18(1):38-48
/ Original / Case series (21) / Used
  1. Fox EJ, Tester NJ, Phadke CP, Nair PM, Senesac CR, Howland DR, et al. Ongoing walking recovery 2 years after locomotor training in a child with severe incomplete spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 2010 90(5):793-802.
/ Original / Case report (1) / Used
  1. Gatti MA, Sundblad M, Freixes O, Fernández SA, Olmos LE, Rubel IF. Usage follow-up after a knee-ankle-foot orthoses selection and training program in spinal cord injury patients. Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics. 2010 22(3):146-9.
/ Original / Case series (12) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. Gordon KE, Wu M, Kahn JH, Schmit BD. Feedback and feedforward locomotor adaptations to ankle-foot load in people with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2010 104(3):1325-38.
/ Original / Case series (10) / Prospective / Used
  1. Gorgey AS, Poarch H, Miller J, Castillo T, Gater DR. Locomotor and resistance training restore walking in an elderly person with a chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010 26(2):127-33.
/ Original / Case report (2) / Prospective / Used
  1. Labruyere R, Agarwala A, Curt A, Rehabilitation in Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma. Spine. 2010 1;35(21 Suppl):S259-62
/ Review / Used
  1. Lemay J, Nadeau S. Standing balance assessment in ASIA D paraplegic and tetraplegic participants: Concurrent validity of the berg balance scale. Spinal Cord. 2010 48(3):245-50.
/ Original / Cohort (32) / Prospective / Used
  1. Lima C, Escada P, Pratas-Vital J, Branco C, Arcangeli CA, Lazzeri G, et al. Olfactory Mucosal Autografts and Rehabilitation for Chronic Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010 24(1):10-22
/ Original / Case series (20) / Prospective / Used
  1. Marino RJ, Scivoletto G, Patrick M, Tamburella F, Read MS, Burns AS, et al. Walking index for spinal cord injury version 2 (WISCI-II) with repeatability of the 10-m walk time: Inter- and intrarater reliabilities. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Jan;89(1):7-15
/ Original / Case series (26) / Prospective / Used
  1. Pastor D. Use of electrical stimulation and exercise to increase muscle strength in a patient after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2010 26(2):134-42.
/ Original / Case report (3) / Used
  1. Phadke CP, Thompson FJ, Kukulka CG, Nair PM, Bowden MG, Madhavan S, et al. Soleus H-reflex modulation after motor incomplete spinal cord injury: Effects of body position and walking speed. J Spinal Cord Med. 2010 33(4):371-8.
/ Original / Case series (26) / Prospective / Used
  1. Santamato A, Panza F, Ranieri M, Amoruso MT, Amoruso L, Frisardi V, et al. Effect of intrathecal baclofen, botulinum toxin type a and a rehabilitation programme on locomotor function after spinal cord injury: A case report. J Rehabil Med. 2010 42(9):891-4.
/ Original / Case series (4) / Used
  1. Slavin MD, Kisala PA, Jette AM, Tulsky DS. Developing a contemporary functional outcome measure for spinal cord injury research. Spinal Cord. 2010 48(3):262-7.
/ Original / Cohort (71 SCI + 34 controls) / Used
  1. Swinnen E, Duerinck S, Baeyens J, Meeusen R, Kerckhofs E, Effectiveness of robot-assisted gait training in persons with Spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med 2010; 42: 520–526
/ Review / Used
  1. van Hedel HJA, Dietz V. Rehabilitation of locomotion after spinal cord injury. Restorative Neurol Neurosci. 2010 28(1):123-34.
/ Review / Used
  1. Wirz M, Zörner B, Rupp R, Dietz V. Outcome after incomplete spinal cord injury: Central cord versus brown-sequard syndrome. Spinal Cord. 2010 48(5):407-14.
/ Original / Cohort (15 CCS vs 15 BS) / Prospective / Used
  1. Zörner B, Blanckenhorn WU, Dietz V, Curt A. Clinical algorithm for improved prediction of ambulation and patient stratification after incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010 27(1):241-52.
/ Original / Cohort (90) / Prospective / Used
  1. Behrman AL. Training of Walking Skills in Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Invited commentary . Phys Ther. 2009 89(6):612-615
/ Invited commentary / Used
  1. Chhabra HS, Lima C, Sachdeva S, Mittal A, Nigam V, Chaturvedi D et al.Autologous mucosal transplant in chronic spinal cord injury: an Indian Pilot Study. Spinal Cord (2009) 47, 887–895
/ Original / Case series (5) / Prospective / Used
  1. Damiano DL, DeJong SL, A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Treadmill Training and Body Weight Support in Pediatric Rehabilitation. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009 Mar;33(1):27-44
/ Review / Used
  1. Dietz V. Body weight supported gait training: From laboratory to clinical setting. Brain Res Bull. 2009 78(1):I-VI.
/ Review / Used
  1. Ditunno J, Scivoletto G. Clinical relevance of gait research applied to clinical trials in spinal cord injury. Brain Res Bull. 2009 78(1):35-42.
/ Review / Used
  1. Gil-Agudo A, Pérez-Rizo E, Del Ama-Espinosa A, Crespo-Ruiz B, Pérez-Nombela S, Sánchez-Ramos A. Comparative biomechanical gait analysis of patients with central cord syndrome walking with one crutch and two crutches. Clin Biomech. 2009 24(7):551-7.
/ Original / Case series (12) / Used
  1. Gorassini MA, Norton JA, Nevett-Duchcherer J, Roy FD, Yang JF. Changes in locomotor muscle activity after treadmill training in subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2009 101(2):969-79.
/ Original / Case series (19) / Prospective / Used
  1. Harvey L, Marino R. The walking index for spinal cord injury. Australian J Physiother. 2009 55(1):66-.
/ commentary / Used
  1. Johansson C, Bodin P, Kreuter M. Validity and responsiveness of the spinal cord index of function: An instrument on activity level. Spinal Cord. 2009 47(11):817-21.
/ Original / Case series (29) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. Moreh, Z. Meiner, M. Neeb, N. Hiller, I. Schwartz, Spinal decompression sickness presenting as partial Brown-Sequard syndrome and treated with robotic-assistedBody-weight support treadmill training J Rehabil Med 2009; 41: 88–89
/ Original / Case series (12) (report) / Used
  1. Musselman KE, Fouad K, Misiaszek JE, Yang JF. Author response. Phys Ther. 2009 89(6):615-6.
/ Letter / Used
  1. Musselman KE, Fouad K, Misiaszek JE, Yang JF. Training of walking skills overground and on the treadmill: Case series on individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 2009 89(6):601-11.
/ Original / Case series (4) / Prospective / Used
  1. Scivoletto G, Di Donna V. Prediction of walking recovery after spinal cord injury. Brain Res Bull. 2009 78(1):43-51.
/ Review / Used
  1. van Hedel HJA.Gait Speed in Relation to Categories of Functional Ambulation After Spinal Cord Injury Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009 23: 343
/ Original / Cohort (886) / Prospective / Used
  1. van Hedel HJA, Dietz V, Meiners T, Benito J, Abel R, Meindl R, et al. Walking during daily life can be validly and responsively assessed in subjects with a spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009 23(2):117-24.
/ Original / Cohort (886) / Used
  1. van Middendorp JJ, Hosman AJF, Pouw MH, Van De Meent H. Is determination between complete and incomplete traumatic spinal cord injury clinically relevant validation of the ASIA sacral sparing criteria in a prospective cohort of 432 patients. Spinal Cord. 2009 47(11):809-16.
/ Original / Cohort (432) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. van Middendorp JJ, Hosman AJF, Pouw MH, Van De Meent H. ASIA impairment scale conversion in traumatic SCI: Is it related with the ability to walk? A descriptive comparison with functional ambulation outcome measures in 273 patients. Spinal Cord. 2009 47(7):555-60.
/ Original / Cohort (273) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. Winchester P, Smith P, Foreman N, Mosby JM, Pacheco F, Querry R, et al. A prediction model for determining over ground walking speed after locomotor training in persons with motor incomplete spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009 32(1):63-71.
/ Original / Cohort (30) / Retrospective / Used
  1. Anderson K, Aito S, Atkins M, Biering-Sørensen F, Charlifue S, Curt A, et al. From the 2006 NIDRR SCI measures meeting functional recovery measures for spinal cord injury: An evidence-based review for clinical practice and research. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008 31(2):133-44.
/ Review / Used
  1. Behrman AL, Nair PM, Bowden MG, Dauser RC, Herget BR, Martin JB, et al. Locomotor training restores walking in a nonambulatory child with chronic, severe, incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 2008 88(5):580-90.
/ Original / Case series (5) / Used
  1. Bowden MG, Hannold EM, Nair PM, Fuller LB, Behrman AL. Beyond gait speed: A case report of a multidimensional approach to locomotor rehabilitation outcomes in incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2008 32(3):129-38.
/ Original / Case series (6) / Only cited
  1. Curt A, Van Hedel HJA, Klaus D, Dietz V. Recovery from a spinal cord injury: Significance of compensation, neural plasticity, and repair. J Neurotrauma. 2008 25(6):677-85.
/ Original / Cohort (460) / Prospective / Used
  1. Dawson J, Shamley D, Jamous MA. A structured review of outcome measures used for the assessment of rehabilitation interventions for spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008 46(12):768-80.
/ Review / Used
  1. Ditunno JF, Scivoletto G, Patrick M, Biering-Sorensen F, Abel R, Marino R. Validation of the walking index for spinal cord injury in a US and European clinical population. Spinal Cord. 2008 46(3):181-8.
/ Original / Cohort (170) / Prospective / Used
  1. Furlan JC, Fehlings MG, Tator CH, Davis AM. Motor and sensory assessment of patients in clinical trials for pharmacological therapy of acute spinal cord injury: Psychometric properties of the ASIA standards. J Neurotrauma. 2008 25(11):1273-301.
/ Review / Used
  1. Hannold EM, Hanjian JM, Jordan MM, Roach MJ, Velozo CA. Using veterans' perspectives to enhance rehabilitation outcome measures: Value of qualitative methods. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008 45(1):xi-xiii.
/ Commentary (editorial) / Used
  1. Jackson AB, Carnel CT, Ditunno JF, Read MS, Boninger ML, Schmeler MR, et al. Outcome measures for gait and ambulation in the spinal cord injury population. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008 31(5):487-99.
/ Review / Used
  1. Jayaraman A, Shah P, Gregory C, Bowden M, Stevens J, Bishop M, et al. Locomotor Training and Muscle Function After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: Case Series. Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31:185–193
/ Original / Case series (5) / Prospective / Used
  1. Lam T, Noonan VK, Eng JJ. A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008 46(4):246-54.
/ Review / Used
  1. Maric O, Zörner B, Dietz V. Short communication: Levodopa therapy in incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2008 25(11):1303-7.
/ Original / RCT (12) / Used
  1. McEwen IR. Locomotor training restores walking in a nonambulatory child with chronic, severe, incomplete cervical spinal cord injury: Invited commentary. Phys Ther. 2008 88(5):592-4.
/ Commentary / Used
  1. Mehrholz J, Kugler J, Pohl M. Locomotor training for walking after spinal cord injury. Spine. 2008 33(21):E768-77.
/ Review / Used
  1. Nash B, Roller JM, Parker MG. The effects of tone-reducing orthotics on walking of an individual after incomplete spinal cord injury.J Neurol Phys Ther. 2008 32(1):39-47.
/ Original / Case series (7) / Used
  1. Olmos, O Freixes, MA Gatti, DA Cozzo, SA Fernandez, CJ Vila, PE Agrati, IF Rubel, Comparison of gait performance on different environmentalsettings for patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord (2008) 46, 331–334
/ Original / Case series (18) / Prospective / Used in table 1 but not cited
  1. Read MS, Sisto SA, Ditunno JF. Standardized ambulation assessments following spinal cord injury. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. 2008 14(1):39-60.
/ Review / Used
  1. Scivoletto G, Cosentino E, Mammone A, Molinari M. Inflammatory myelopathies and traumatic spinal cord lesions: Comparison of functional and neurological outcomes. Phys Ther. 2008 88(4):474-84.
/ Original / Cohort (248) / Retrospective / Used
  1. Scivoletto G, Romanelli A, Mariotti A, Marinucci D, Tamburella F, Mammone A, et al. Clinical factors that affect walking level and performance in chronic spinal cord lesion patients. Spine. 2008 33(3):259-64.
/ Original / Cohort (65) / Prospective / Used
  1. Shah PK, Gregory CM, Stevens JE,PathareNC, Jayaraman A, Behrman AL, Walter GA, Vandenborne K. Non-invasive assessment of lower extremity muscle composition after incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord (2008) 46, 565–570
/ Original / Case series (8) / Prospective / Used
  1. Van Hedel HJA, Wirz M, Dietz V. Standardized assessment of walking capacity after spinal cord injury: The European network approach. Neurol Res. 2008 30(1):61-73.
/ Original / Cohort (917) / Prospective / Used
  1. van Langeveld SAHB, Post MWM, Van Asbeck FWA, Postma K, Ten Dam D, Pons K. Development of a classification of physical, occupational, and sports therapy interventions to document mobilityand self-care in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2008 32(1):2-7.
/ Original / Only cited
  1. Wirth B, van Hedel H, Curt A. Foot control in incomplete SCI: Distinction between paresis and dexterity. Neurol Res. 2008 30(1):52-60.
/ Original / Case series (10 SCI + 30 controls) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. Wirth B, van Hedel HJA, Curt A. Ankle paresis in incomplete spinal cord injury: Relation to corticospinal conductivity and ambulatory capacity. J Clin Neurophysiol 2008 25(4):210-7.
/ Original / Case series (12 SCI + 12 controls) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. Wirth B, van Hedel HJA, Curt A. Changes in corticospinal function and ankle motor control during recovery from incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2008 25(5):467-78.
/ Original / Case series (12 SCI + 12 controls) / Prospective / Used
  1. Wirth B, van Hedel HJA, Curt A. Ankle dexterity is less impaired than muscle strength in incomplete spinal cord lesion. J Neurol. 2008 255(2):273-9.
/ Original / Case series (12 SCI + 12 controls) / Prospective / Used
  1. Zhu H, Feng Y-, Wise Y, You S-, Shen X-, Liu Y-, et al. Early neurosurgical intervention of spinal cord contusion: An analysis of 30 cases. Chin Med J. 2008 121(24):2473-8.
/ Original / Cohort (30) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. Aito S, D'Andrea M, Werhagen L, Farsetti L, Cappelli S, Bandini B, et al. Neurological and functional outcome in traumatic central cord syndrome. Spinal Cord. 2007 45(4):292-7.
/ Original / Cohort (82) / Retrospective / Used
  1. Behrman AL, Harkema SJ. Physical rehabilitation as an agent for recovery after spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007 18(2):183-202.
/ Review / Used
  1. Bowden MG, Behrman AL. Step activity monitor: Accuracy and test-retest reliability in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007 44(3):355-62.
/ Original / Case series (11) / Prospective / Only cited
  1. Catz A, M Itzkovich M.Spinal Cord Independence Measure: Comprehensive ability rating scale for the spinal cord lesion patient. J Rehabil Res Dev. 200744(1):65–68
/ Review / Used
  1. Ditunno Jr. JF, Barbeau H, Dobkin BH, Elashoff R, Harkema S, Marino RJ, et al. Validity of the walking scale for spinal cord injury and other domains of function in a multicenter clinical trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007 21(6):539-50.
/ Original / RCT (146) / Used