Online Supporting Material
Supplemental Figure 1: Participant and analysis flow
Figure legends:
CHD: Coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.
Supplemental Table 1: Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular mortality according to frequency of total milk intakes
Milk intake frequency / P for trend*None / ≤ once a week / 2-6 times/week / Daily
Total study population
n(%) / 40402 (67.0) / 5134 (8.5) / 5352 (8.9) / 9410 (15.6)
CVD mortality
Cases/person-years / 3331/598595 / 316/75159 / 359/78411 / 774/138308
Multivariate Model† / 1.00 / 0.97 (0.86-1.09) / 0.98 (0.87-1.09) / 0.99 (0.91-1.08) / 0.68
CHD mortality
Cases/person-years / 1875/598595 / 179/75159 / 208/78411 / 435/138308
Multivariate Model† / 1.00 / 0.97 (0.83-1.13) / 1.00 (0.86-1.15) / 1.00 (0.89-1.12) / 0.96
Stroke mortality
Cases/person-years / 925/598595 / 82/75159 / 87/78411 / 204/138308
Multivariate Model† / 1.00 / 0.92 (0.74-1.16) / 0.85 (0.68-1.07) / 0.89 (0.76-1.05) / 0.08
No prior CVD history
n(%) / 38309 (67.1) / 4894 (8.6) / 5072 (8.9) / 8803 (15.4)
CVD mortality
Cases/person-years / 2767/573171 / 260/72212 / 285/75096 / 608/131195
Multivariate Model† / 1.00 / 0.98 (0.86-1.11) / 0.94 (0.83-1.07) / 0.98 (0.89-1.08) / 0.50
CHD mortality
Cases/person-years / 1508/573171 / 143/72212 / 161/75096 / 340/131195
Multivariate Model† / 1.00 / 0.98 (0.82-1.16) / 0.97 (0.82-1.14) / 1.03 (0.91-1.17) / 0.81
Stroke mortality
Cases/person-years / 803/573171 / 66/72212 / 74/75096 / 155/131195
Multivariate Model† / 1.00 / 0.87 (0.68-1.13) / 0.85 (0.67-1.08) / 0.82 (0.68-0.98) / 0.01
CHD: Coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.
*Linear trend was tested by treating the quartile as a continuous variable;
†Multivariate model: adjusted for age, sex, dialect, year of interview, and educational level, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, baseline history of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, and total energy intake, dietary intakes of red meat, poultry, fish, vegetables, fruit, all grains, tea and coffee.
Supplemental Table 2: Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular mortality according to intakes of dairy products among those without cardiovascular disease at baseline, stratified by self-reported diabetesor hypertension
Quartiles of dairy intake / P for trend*Q1 / Q2 / Q3 / Q4
CVD mortality
No prior history of T2D or HTN
Cases/person-years / 601/157505 / 523/162040 / 478/165428 / 453/154876
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.94 (0.84-1.06) / 0.91 (0.81-1.03) / 0.97 (0.85-1.10) / 0.86
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.94 (0.83-1.06) / 0.90 (0.79-1.02) / 0.96 (0.84-1.10) / 0.90
Prior history of T2D or HTN
Cases/person-years / 560/54760 / 472/53279 / 381/49440 / 452/54347
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.96 (0.85-1.08) / 0.95 (0.83-1.09) / 0.88 (0.78-1.00) / 0.07
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.96 (0.85-1.09) / 0.96 (0.83-1.10) / 0.90 (0.78-1.03) / 0.16
CHD mortality
No prior history of T2D or HTN
Cases/person-years / 323/157505 / 262/162040 / 261/165428 / 248/154876
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.88 (0.74-1.03) / 0.92 (0.77-1.08) / 0.99 (0.84-1.18) / 0.44
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.87 (0.74-1.03) / 0.90 (0.75-1.06) / 0.97 (0.80-1.16) / 0.57
Prior history of T2D or HTN
Cases/person-years / 322/54760 / 262/53279 / 209/49440 / 265/54347
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.93 (0.79-1.10) / 0.91 (0.76-1.09) / 0.90 (0.76-1.06) / 0.35
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.95 (0.80-1.12) / 0.94 (0.78-1.14) / 0.96 (0.80-1.15) / 0.89
Stroke mortality
No prior history of T2D or HTN
Cases/person-years / 190/157505 / 170/162040 / 131/165428 / 115/154876
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.97 (0.79-1.19) / 0.81 (0.64-1.01) / 0.76 (0.60-0.97) / 0.04
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.96 (0.78-1.19) / 0.80 (0.63-1.01) / 0.75 (0.58-0.97) / 0.04
Prior history of T2D or HTN
Cases/person-years / 141/54760 / 125/53279 / 112/49440 / 114/54347
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 1.02 (0.80-1.30) / 1.16 (0.90-1.50) / 0.91 (0.71-1.18) / 0.24
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.99 (0.77-1.27) / 1.10 (0.85-1.44) / 0.85 (0.64-1.11) / 0.10
CHD: Coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease;T2D: type 2 diabetes;HTN: hypertension.
*Linear trend was tested by treating the quartile as a continuous variable.
†Multivariate model 1: adjusted for age, dialect, year of interview, educational level, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, and total energy intake;
‡Multivariate model 2: further adjusted for dietary intakes of red meat, poultry, fish, vegetables, fruit, all grains, tea and coffee.
SupplementalTABLE 3: Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular mortality according to intakes of dairy products
Quartiles of dairy intake / P for trend*Q1 / Q2 / Q3 / Q4
Median intake, g/(1000kcal*d) / 1.0 / 8.5 / 24.0 / 139.9
CVD mortality
Cases/person-years / 1376/222150 / 1146/225411 / 1124/223005 / 1134/219907
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.89 (0.82-0.96) / 0.90 (0.84-0.98) / 0.90 (0.83-0.97) / 0.16
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.95 (0.88-1.03) / 0.97 (0.90-1.05) / 0.93 (0.85-1.00) / 0.12
Multivariate Model 3§ / 1.00 / 0.95 (0.88-1.03) / 0.97 (0.89-1.05) / 0.92 (0.85-1.01) / 0.15
CHD mortality
Cases/person-years / 764/222150 / 653/225411 / 637/223005 / 643/219907
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.91 (0.82-1.01) / 0.92 (0.83-1.02) / 0.93 (0.84-1.03) / 0.59
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.97 (0.88-1.08) / 0.99 (0.89-1.10) / 0.94 (0.84-1.05) / 0.27
Multivariate Model 3§ / 1.00 / 0.98 (0.88-1.09) / 1.00 (0.90-1.12) / 0.96 (0.86-1.08) / 0.54
Stroke mortality
Cases/person-years / 393/222150 / 309/225411 / 297/223005 / 299/219907
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.86 (0.74-1.00) / 0.86 (0.73-0.99) / 0.83 (0.71-0.96) / 0.09
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.91 (0.79-1.06) / 0.91 (0.78-1.06) / 0.86 (0.74-1.00) / 0.12
Multivariate Model 3§ / 1.00 / 0.90 (0.77-1.05) / 0.88 (0.75-1.03) / 0.81 (0.69-0.96) / 0.04
CHD: Coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.
*Linear trend was tested by treating the quartile as a continuous variable;
†Multivariate model 1: adjusted for age, sex, dialect, year of interview, and educational level;
‡Multivariate model 2: further adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, baseline history of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, and total energy intake;
§Multivariate model 3: further adjusted for dietary intakes of red meat, poultry, fish, vegetables, fruit, all grains, tea and coffee.
SupplementalTABLE 4. Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular mortality according to intakes of dairy products, stratified by self-reported history of cardiovascular disease at baseline
Quartiles of dairy intake / P for trend*Q1 / Q2 / Q3 / Q4
CVD mortality
No prior CVD history
Cases/person-years / 1156/212577 / 952/216170 / 915/213747 / 897/209180
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.94 (0.87-1.03) / 0.94 (0.86-1.03) / 0.91 (0.83-0.99) / 0.08
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.94 (0.86-1.03) / 0.94 (0.86-1.03) / 0.91 (0.82-1.00) / 0.12
Prior CVD history
Cases/person-years / 220/9573 / 194/9241 / 209/9258 / 237/10727
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 1.00 (0.82-1.22) / 1.07 (0.88-1.29) / 1.00 (0.83-1.20) / 0.82
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.99 (0.81-1.21) / 1.05 (0.86-1.28) / 0.98 (0.81-1.20) / 0.75
CHD mortality
No prior CVD history
Cases/person-years / 637/212577 / 521/216170 / 490/213746 / 504/209180
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.94 (0.83-1.06) / 0.92 (0.82-1.04) / 0.93 (0.82-1.04) / 0.44
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.94 (0.84-1.06) / 0.93 (0.82-1.05) / 0.94 (0.83-1.07) / 0.71
Prior CVD history
Cases/person-years / 127/9573 / 132/9241 / 147/9258 / 139/10727
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 1.16 (0.91-1.49) / 1.30 (1.02-1.65) / 1.00 (0.78-1.28) / 0.30
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 1.18 (0.92-1.52) / 1.33 (1.04-1.70) / 1.06 (0.82-1.37) / 0.49
Stroke mortality
No prior CVD history
Cases/person-years / 334/212577 / 273/216170 / 254/213746 / 237/209180
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.95 (0.81-1.12) / 0.91 (0.77-1.08) / 0.83 (0.70-0.98) / 0.04
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.94 (0.79-1.10) / 0.89 (0.75-1.05) / 0.79 (0.66-0.95) / 0.02
Prior CVD history
Cases/person-years / 59/9573 / 36/9241 / 43/9258 / 62/10727
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.71 (0.47-1.08) / 0.86 (0.58-1.29) / 0.95 (0.66-1.36) / 0.60
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.69 (0.45-1.06) / 0.79 (0.53-1.20) / 0.83 (0.56-1.24) / 0.99
CHD: coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.
*Linear trend was tested by treating the quartile as a continuous variable;
†Multivariate model 1: adjusted for age, sex, dialect, year of interview, educational level, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, baseline history of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, and total energy intake;
‡Multivariate model 2: further adjusted for dietary intakes of red meat, poultry, fish, vegetables, fruit, all grains, tea and coffee.
SupplementalTABLE 5. Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular mortality according to intakes of dairy products in subjects free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline, stratified by sex
Quartiles of dairy intake / P for trend*Q1 / Q2 / Q3 / Q4
CVD mortality
Males
Cases/person-years / 618/90445 / 523/92600 / 538/90849 / 512/88105
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.97 (0.86-1.09) / 0.99 (0.88-1.11) / 0.89 (0.79-1.00) / 0.04
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.96 (0.85-1.08) / 0.98 (0.87-1.10) / 0.88 (0.77-1.00) / 0.04
Females
Cases/person-years / 535/122395 / 393/124421 / 362/122774 / 439/120085
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.89 (0.78-1.02) / 0.91 (0.79-1.04) / 0.95 (0.83-1.08) / 0.90
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.89 (0.78-1.02) / 0.91 (0.79-1.05) / 0.96 (0.83-1.10) / 0.76
CHD mortality
Males
Cases/person-years / 352/90445 / 309/92600 / 297/90849 / 312/88105
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 1.01 (0.87-1.18) / 0.97 (0.83-1.13) / 0.95 (0.81-1.11) / 0.43
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 1.00 (0.86-1.17) / 0.96 (0.82-1.13) / 0.94 (0.80-1.11) / 0.48
Females
Cases/person-years / 286/122395 / 193/124421 / 176/122774 / 227/120085
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.82 (0.68-0.98) / 0.82 (0.68-1.00) / 0.90 (0.75-1.08) / 0.94
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.83 (0.69-1.00) / 0.84 (0.69-1.02) / 0.93 (0.76-1.13) / 0.73
Stroke mortality
Males
Cases/person-years / 171/90445 / 135/92600 / 144/90849 / 113/88105
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.89 (0.71-1.12) / 0.95 (0.76-1.18) / 0.71 (0.55-0.90) / 0.006
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.88 (0.69-1.10) / 0.92 (0.73-1.16) / 0.67 (0.52-0.87) / 0.003
Females
Cases/person-years / 163/122395 / 121/124421 / 125/122774 / 126/120085
Multivariate Model 1† / 1.00 / 0.92 (0.72-1.17) / 1.05 (0.83-1.33) / 0.93 (0.73-1.19) / 0.66
Multivariate Model 2‡ / 1.00 / 0.91 (0.71-1.16) / 1.02 (0.80-1.31) / 0.90 (0.69-1.17) / 0.50
CHD: coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.
*Linear trend was tested by treating the quartile as a continuous variable;
†Multivariate model 1: adjusted for age, dialect, year of interview, educational level, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, baseline history of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, and total energy intake;
‡Multivariate model 2: further adjusted for dietary intakes of red meat, poultry, fish, vegetables, fruit, all grains, tea and coffee.
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