South Pasadena · Physics [Keep for Reference]
Final Exam Preparation
SECOND SEMESTER STUDY LIST BY CHAPTER
8.1 Objectives – Heat
Sections 21.1 to 21.8, 22.1 to 22.5, and 23.8
o Define internal energy of a system as the total energy of the molecules in a system.
o Define the temperature as the average kinetic energy of a system.
o Define heat as the transfer of energy due to a temperature difference.
o Can convert between Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales.
o Can convert between calorie and joules.
o Understand that when heat flows into a system, there can be an increase in temperature, change in states, or increase in volume.
o Know that heat flows from a hot to a cold object until thermal equilibrium is reached.
o Understand that the specific heat capacity describes how hard it is for an object to change temperature.
o Can perform calorimetry problems using Q = m C ∆T.
o Can find the energy of changing states using Q = mL. Know that the latent heats of fusion and vaporization describe how much energy it takes to change states.
o Can draw and describe the heating curve for water. Explain what is happening on the molecular level when heat is applied to a single substance and at a phase change.
o Can calculate the energy in two-step processes on the heating curve.
o Can describe and calculate thermal expansion of a substance using ∆V = V0 b ∆T
o Can describe and provide examples for how heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.
24 – Laws of Thermodynamics
o Can describe pressure as the molecular collisions against a container.
o Describe the First Law of Thermodynamics.
o Know how the internal energy of a system changes due to heat and work. ∆Eint = Q + W.
o Describe the Second Law in three ways: (1) Heat cannot flow from cold to hot; (2) Heat cannot be fully converted to work; (3) Processes tend to maximize entropy.
o Can describe how a heat engine works and calculate the work and efficiency of an engine using W = QH – QL and e = W/QH.
25-Vibrations and Waves
o describe a wave as a wiggle in time and space.
o identify and measure the important parts of a wave including its period, wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.
o identify and explain the difference in a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave.
o state that sound waves are longitudinal waves and electromagnetic (light) waves are transverse waves.
o show that two waves in the same space will interfere either constructively or destructively.
o explain that a standing wave has points with no amplitude (nodes) and maximum amplitude (antinodes). I can describe how two traveling waves on a string can cause a standing wave.
o describe what the Doppler Effect is and why it occurs with a moving source of waves.
o explain how a bow wave can be created when a object moves faster than the wave speed.
26-Sound
o Apply the Doppler effect to a problem and calculate the new frequency.
¨ Know how to define speed in terms of mach 1, mach 2, etc.
o Understand how a shock wave is produced and
calculate the mach # from a diagram.
o Compare the relative speeds of sound in gases, liquids and solids.
o Explain how resonance occurs and how it relates to natural frequency.
o Understand how interference is produced from two waves.
o Calculate the beat frequency.
27-Light
o State the order of the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum and how the wavelength and frequencies of light vary.
o Calculate the wavelength or frequency of a wave using the speed of light.
o Explain how polarized light is formed and the relationship between light transmitted and the orientation of two filters.
28-Color
o List the primary colors of light and the primary colors of pigments.
o Determine the new color of light from the sum of any two primary colors.
o Explain how sunsets are formed and why the sky is blue.
o Determine which color is formed when two pigments are mixed.
o Explain how after-images are formed based on the behavior of the retinal cones.
29-Reflection and Refraction
o Use the law of Reflection in a problem to determine the angle of the reflected ray.
o Understand how total internal reflection works in fiber optic materials.
o Be able to use the formula for the index of refraction and remember which way a light ray gets refracted when going from a medium of higher density to a medium of lower density (e.g. from water to air) or when going the other direction from less dense to more dense.
o Determine which color of light experiences more dispersion in a prism.
o Compare the refraction of light waves through different media.
30-Lenses
o Compare the differences between a convex and a concave lens.
¨ Know where the eye’s retina focuses the image for a nearsighted vs. a far sighted person.
o Know whether the image will be real or virtual, inverted or not, with a convex or concave lens given the objects position relative to the focal length.
o Determine the path of light rays in a diverging or converging lens.
o Calculate the focal length of a lens using data similar to the lenses lab done in class using the lens equation.
31-Diffraction and Interference
¨ Understand how diffraction is different from refraction or reflection.
¨ Calculate the depth of a CD pit using the diffraction equation nl = dsinq and sample data.
¨ Explain the interference pattern produced from light waves.
32-Electrostatics
¨ define electrostatics as electricity at rest.
¨ state that charge is the fundamental electrical property to which mutual attractions or repulsions between electrons or repulsions is attributed.
¨ describe protons, neutrons, and electrons and how they are arranged in an atom.
¨ state that the fundamental rule at the base of all electrical phenomena is that like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
¨ explain that charged objects have an unequal number of electrons and protons.
¨ state conservation of charge as the principle that electrons are neither created nor destroyed but are simply transferred from one material to another.
¨ explain that an object is charged by gaining or losing the easily moved outer electrons of an atom. (e.g., rubbing glass & silk, rubber rod and fur, or balloon and hair)
¨ state Coulomb’s law (the force between charged particles varies directly as the product of the charges and inversely as the square of the distance between them).
d=distance, q1=charge of one particle, q2=charge of the other particle, and k is the proportionality constant (9.0 x 109 N×m2/C2).
¨ state that the unit of charge is the coulomb, C. 1 C is the charge of 6.24 x 1018 electrons.
¨ explain that electrons move easily in good conductors and poorly in good insulators.
¨ explain that semiconductors are materials that can be made to behave sometimes as insulators and sometimes as conductors. I can state that semiconductors hold their electrons until given a small energy boost. Transistors (amplifiers), photovoltaic cells, etc., are made from doped semiconductors.
¨ state that two ways electric charge can be transferred is by friction and by contact.
¨ illustrate that if a charged object is brought near a conducting surface, even without physical contact, electrons will move in the conducting surface. (Induction)
¨ explain how objects can be charged by induction.
¨ define “grounding” as allowing charges to move off (or onto) a conductor by touching it.
¨ explain that charged objects brought near insulators can cause charge polarization. I can demonstrate this by bending water with a
balloon.
33-Electric Fields and Potential
o Use Coulomb’s Law equation to calculate the electrical force between two charges that are separated by a certain distance.
o explain that electric field lines illustrate the electric field around charged objects.
o recognize the electric field around a single charged object, around two like charges and around two unlike charges.
o state that a “test charge” is a positive charge and that the direction of an electric field line is based on the force “felt” by the positive test charge.
o explain that electric potential is electric potential energy per unit charge and that this is also call voltage.
34-Electric Current
o explain the factors that affect the resistance of a wire.
o compare the meanings of alternating current and direct current.
o calculate the electric power of a circuit
(Power = I×V).
35-Electric Circuits
o recognize and give examples of a series circuit and a parallel circuit.
o calculate the resistance in a parallel or series circuit.
o calculate values in a circuit using V=I×R
o explain the uses of various devices such as batteries, lamps, resistors, fuses, and circuit breakers.
36 – Magnetism
o Describe the properties of a magnet.
o Know how to draw magnetic field lines.
o Understand that moving charges / current induces a magnetic field in the direction given by the Right Hand Rule #1.
o Know that when a moving charge/current is in a magnetic field, there is a magnetic force in the direction given by the Right Hand Rule #2. Stationary charges or moving charges moving parallel to magnetic fields do not experience magnetic forces.
37 – Electromagnetic Induction
o Know how a simple motor works.
o Explain that a changing magnetic field results in an electrical current.
o Explain how a magnetic field changes by moving a coil, moving a magnet, and rotating a coil in a magnetic field.
o Explain how a simple generator works.
o Describe what an alternating current is and how to create an AC. Compare AC with direct current (DC).
o Describe the purpose of a transformer and explain how it works. Perform computations of the voltage and current of transformers. ( , Vp Ip = Vs Is)
o Explain how a moving electrical field generates a magnetic field. Know that this is how light propagates.
Miscellaneous
¨ Recall the laboratory investigations we have done for the various units or topics this year and understand the basic concept explained in the experiment
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