The impact of triathlon training and racing on athletes’ general health.

Veronica Vleck1, Gregoire P Millet2, and Francisco Bessone Alves1

1 CIPER. FMH-UL. Portugal.

2 ISSUL, UNIL, Lausanne. Switzerland.

Corresponding author’s email address:

Table S3. Comparison of injury types in triathlon (updated from Vleck V. Triathlon. In: Caine DJ, Harmer P, Schiff M, editors. Epidemiology of injury in Olympic sports. International Olympic Committee Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine Series. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009; 294-320, [204], with permission).

Site/ Paper / Murphy [209] / O’Toole et al. [210] / Ireland and Micheli [208] / Massimino et al. [211] / Hiller et al. [39] / O’Toole et al. [205] / Jackson, [214] / Migliorini, [215] / Korkia et al. [216] / Egermann et al. [224] / Villavicencio
et al. [228] / Gosling et al. [240]a / Junge et al. [231] / Rimmer and Coniglione [232]
½IM / IM
Neck pain / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 48.3 / - / - / -
Contusions / - / - / 4.7 / - / - / - / - / - / 12 / 40.9 (82%B, 77% Tr) / - / 3 / - / -
Abrasions / - / - / 1.9 / - / - / - / - / - / 3.4 / - / 28 [21.3, 17.8] / 2.4 / 6.5
Capsule/ligament/ joint / - / - / 1.9 / 5.5 / - / - / - / (4.2) R / 28 / 23.2 / - / (1/109) / - / -
Tendinitis/ tenosynovitis/ tendonitis / Foot / - / Tendonitis most common / All 6.9 / 15.3 tendonitis / 7 / (≈60) / Mc / - / 6.9 / - / - / Sprain 4 [3.3, 8.9] / 1.18 / 4.3
Ankle / - / (6) b / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Achilles / - / - / - / - / (6.5) (R) / - / - / - / -
Supraspinatus / - / - / - / - / (3.2) (S) / - / - / - / -
Knee / - / (19) c,d / (≈ 60) e / - / (9.7) (Tr:B) / - / - / - / -
Shin splints / - / - / 13.1 / 8.6 / - / 9 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Patellar chondromalacia / - / Maybe / 4.7 / 3.7 / - / - / - / (16.1) (Tr:, 20% B, 60% R, 20% B+R) / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Muscle tendon injury / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 26.4 (66%R, 14%B, 14%S) / - / - / - / - / -
Muscle sprain / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 12.6 / - / - / - / - / -
Muscle strain / - / Yes / 15 / 31.3 / - / - / - / 6.5 / 25.3 / - / - / 10 [3.3, 8.9] / - / - / -
Inflammatory pain syndrome / Iliotibial band syndrome / - / - / 2.8 / (10) b / - / - / (19.3) (Tr:33.3% R, 33.3% B, 33.3% R+B) / 16.1 / - / - / - / - / - / -
Patello-femoral / - / - / - / All 15.3 / (14) b / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Plantar fasciitis / - / - / 1.9 / PF 8.0 / 15 / - / - / (6.5) (R) / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Sesamoiditis / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 1 (R) / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Fracture / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 9.5: 89% Tr, 76% B, 12% R / - / - / (2/109) / - / 2.2
Stress fracture / Foot and ankle / - / - / 4.7 f / 12.3 / (10) M / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Lower leg / - / - / 4.7 / - / (7) M / - / Yes / (13) R / - / - / - / 9 / - / - / -
Hip/pelvis/spine / - / - / - / - / (<1) / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Low back pain / With sciatica / - / - / 1.9 / - / S ± BP (15) / (72) b / - / - / - / - / 21.8 with, 46.0 without sciatica (62% SR, 65% B) / - / - / - / -
Without sciatica / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Not clear / - / - / - / - / 62 / - / - / 2 (6.5) R / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Sciatica ± back pain / - / - / 12.1 / - / 15 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Unknown / - / - / 12.1 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Multiple / - / - / 12.1 / - / - / - / - / See paper / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
Laceration / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 9 [11.5, 15.6] / - / - / -
Temperature related problem / Non-severe / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 4 / - / 36.5 / 21.7
Severe / 2 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 1 / - / 1.2 / -
Envenomation / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 4 [0, 24.4] / - / - / -
- / - / - / - / 43 / - / - / - / 4.5 / - / - / 15 [27.9, 4.4] / - / 4.7 / 2.2
Costochondritis / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 2.2
Metatarsalgia / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 2.2
Other / 8.6 / Joint inflammation/ bursitis / 13.1 / - / - / - / - / 4.2 R / - / - / 9 / 15 [8.2, 15.6] / - / 25.9 / 30.4

- (dash) = no information, BP = back pain, F = female; JI = joint inflammation, M = male, NP = neck pain, LB = low back pain, PF = plantar fasciitis, S = sciatica, SR = sports related pain, Tr = Training related; Sw, B, R, R + O = attributed to swim, (‘bike’) cycle, run, other, or run + other training, respectively

a Values in square brackets are for 2 sprint races in the same dataset b More common in females, c (patella/ popliteal), d More common in males, e Approximate values from figure, f Worst cases

*Values are normally expressed as % of cases unless they are enclosed in round () parentheses, in which case they refer to % of athletes. Values proceeded by Sw, B, R, R+O or any combination thereof denote the % of cases that were attributed to (each of) the aforesaid discipline(s).

83