22 Ryb 2013, Kwbevi Wmiwvc Avšír Vwzk M Jb K ª, Xvkv

MYZvwš¿K we‡K›`ªxKiY RvZxq cÖwZwbwa m‡¤§jb

22 Ryb 2013, kwbevi • wmiWvc AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jb †K›`ª, XvKv

Kvh©Ki ¯’vbxq miKvi I we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZi cÖvmw½KZv

cUf~wg

Avgv‡`i †`‡ki we`¨gvb ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwQj 1870 mv‡j cÖYxZ †PŠwK`vwi cÂv‡qZ AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g| weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡jB wKQz †¶‡Î wbe©vP‡bi weavbmn bMi ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖPjb ïiæ nq| G avivevwnKZvq ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i weMZ Pvi `k‡K ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v msµvšÍ †ekwKQz AvBb cÖYqbmn wewfbœ mg‡q bvbv D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| mywbw`©ó †Kv‡bv bxwZ bv _vKvq Gme AvBb I D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ bvbvwea AmsMwZ I AmvgÄm¨Zv i‡q‡Q| RvZxq miKv‡ii m‡½ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii m¤úK©, ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î Av¯’vnxbZv i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b MÖvgxY ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil` I †Rjv cwil`Ñ G wZbwU ¯Íi Ges bMi ¯’vbxq miKvi wn‡m‡e †cŠimfv I wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb envj Av‡Q| Gig‡a¨ Avwki `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS hvÎv ïiæ K‡i, Avevi †nuvPU †L‡q, cybivq Dc‡Rjv cwil`¸‡jv MwVZ n‡q‡Q| AvBb _vK‡jI †Rjv cwil` GLbI MVb Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| eZ©gvb miKvi Avg‡j cÖYxZ AvBbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ K‡qKwU weZwK©Z welq ev` w`‡j G AvBb¸‡jvi AwaKvskB Av‡Mi †h †Kv‡bv mg‡qi †P‡q AMÖmi| †ekwKQz gš¿Yvjq I wefv‡Mi Kvh©µg‡K cwil`¸‡jvi Kv‡Q mivmwi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ AvBb Abyhvqx cÖK…Z n¯ÍvšÍi AvRI N‡Uwb Ges †ewkifvM AvB‡bi h_vh_ ev¯Íevq‡bi Kvh©KvwiZvI †bB| ev¯Í‡e †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î ÿgZv AviI †K›`ªxf~Z n‡”Q| ZvB wew”Qbœ c`‡¶c bq, †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ ¶gZvi Kvh©Ki we‡K›`ªxKiY AvR Riæwi n‡q c‡o‡Q|

msweav‡bi wb‡`©kbv

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi Ôivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZÕ As‡kB (Aby‡”Q` 11) ejv n‡q‡Q Ò. . . cÖkvm‡bi mKj ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY wbwðZ nB‡e|Ó GQvov, PZz_© fv‡Mi 3q cwi‡”Q`ÑÔ¯’vbxq kvmbÕ As‡ki 59 bs Aby‡”Q` Ges Ô¯’vbxq kvmb-msµvšÍ cÖwZôv‡bi ¶gZvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g Aby‡”Q` 60-G ¯’vbxq miKvi wel‡q mywbw`©ó wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q| (ÔMYZvwš¿K we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ cÖ¯ÍvebvÕ Gi mswÿß cÖKvkbvq we¯ÍvwiZ D‡jøL Av‡Q)

eZ©gvb miKvi I cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji A½xKvi

Avgiv Rvwb, weMZ RvZxq wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© eZ©gvb miKvwi `jmn cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j Zv‡`i wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡i we‡K›`ªxKiY I kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq miKvie¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ wewea A½xKvi cÖ`vb K‡iwQj| we‡klZ eZ©gv‡b ¶gZvmxb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Bk‡Znv‡i my¯úó fvlvq ejv n‡qwQj, Ò¶gZvi we‡K›`ªvqb K‡i BDwbqb, Dc‡Rjv I †Rjv cwil`‡K kw³kvjx Kiv n‡e| †Rjv cwil`‡K wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, AvBb-k„•Ljv I mKj cÖKvi Dbœqbg~jK Kg©cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡e| cÖwZwU BDwbqb m`i‡K ¯’vbxq Dbœqb I cÖkvmwbK Kg©Kv‡Ði †K›`ªwe›`y, cwiKwíZ cjøx Rbc` Ges Dc‡Rjv m`i I ewa©òz wkí‡K›`ª¸‡jv‡K kni-Dckni wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡e|Ó Av‡iv ejv n‡qwQj, Ò¯’vbxq miKvi‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z Avg~j cwieZ©b mvab Kiv n‡e| Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð wbqvgK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e ¯’vbxq miKvi| G D‡Ï‡k †Rjv I Dc‡Rjvi ¯’vbxq miKvi‡K ¯^wbf©i I ¯^kvwmZ cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡e|Ó Ab¨w`‡K, cÖavb we‡ivax `j weGbwcÕi Bk‡Znv‡i A½xKvi i‡q‡Q, Ò†`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖkvmb‡K RbM‡Yi nv‡Zi Kv‡Q wb‡q hvIqv Ges mykvmb cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ cÖkvmb‡K e¨vcKfv‡e we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv n‡e|Ó ejv n‡q‡Q, cÖkvmb we‡K›`ªxKiY I cÖkvm‡bi mKj ch©v‡qi Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µ‡g RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ wbwðZKi‡Yi bxwZ Abyhvqx mKj Kvh©µg‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`qv n‡e| cvkvcvwk, RvZxq cvwU©, evsjv‡`‡ki KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, evsjv‡`‡ki IqvK©vm© cvwU© I RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `jmn Ab¨ mKj MYZvwš¿K ivR‰bwZK `jI we‡K›`ªxKiY Kvh©Ki Kivi j‡¶¨ kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq miKvie¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi A½xKvi K‡iwQj|

eZ©gvb AvB‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv

2009 mv‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi msµvšÍ BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †cŠimfv I wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb AvBb RvZxq msm‡` cvk n‡q‡Q| AvBb¸‡jv‡Z IqvW© mfv MVb, bvMwiK mb` cÖKvk, DbœZ Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨envi BZ¨vw` †ek wKQz BwZevPK w`K Av‡Q, wKš‘ GmKj AvB‡bi Kvh©KvwiZvq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ †bB| AvB‡b D‡jøL _vK‡jI BDwbqb cwil‡` †jvKej e„w× N‡Uwb Ges Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb ch©v‡q †ekwKQz miKvwi †mev I Kvh©µg n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii welqwU Kvh©Ki nqwb| BDwbqb cwil‡`i †¶‡Î wewfbœ mg‡q cwicÎ Rvwii gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i ¶gZv Le© Kivi cÖeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq| Dc‡Rjv cwil` AvB‡b Ômsm` m`‡m¨i Dc‡`óvi fzwgKvÕ (G AvB‡bi weZwK©Z welq) -Gi cvkvcvwk Dc‡Rjv †Pqvig¨vb I cwil‡`i †h f~wgKvi weavb Av‡Q ZvI Kvh©Ki n‡”Q bv| †Rjv cwil` MVb wel‡q cÖwZkÖæwZ †kvbv †M‡jI cÖkvmK wb‡qv‡Mi Kvi‡Y Gi Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡qB GLb cÖkœ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| †cŠimfv msµvšÍ AvBbwU Zzjbvg~jK fv‡jv n‡jI wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Aax‡b bMi miKvi MV‡bi welqwU wb‡q †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó c`‡¶c †`Lv hv‡”Q bv| G Qvov, we‡kl e¨e¯’v _vK‡jI cve©Z¨ AÂ‡ji Avw`evmx‡`i cÖ_vMZ e¨e¯’vi m‡½ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii mgš^q Ges ¯’vbxq miKv‡i mgZ‡ji Avw`evmx‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi welqwU AvBb¸‡jv‡Z D‡cw¶Z| cÖvq mKj †ÿ‡Î RvZxq miKvi I AvgjvZvwš¿K KZ©„Z¡ envj ivLvi c_ †Lvjv ivLv n‡q‡Q|

RvZxq ev‡RU I ¯’vbxq miKvi

cÖwZeQi RvZxq ev‡R‡U ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Rb¨ †h eiv‡Ïi K_v A_©gš¿x ev‡RU e³…Zvq D‡jøL K‡i _v‡Kb, cÖK…Z eivÏ †m Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg| weMZ K‡qKwU A_©-eQ‡ii RvZxq ev‡RU we‡kølY K‡i Mfv‡b©Ý GW‡fv‡Kwm †dviv‡gi ch©‡eÿY n‡”Q, ¯’vbxq miKvi gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ ev‡R‡Ui GKwU gvÎ Ask 5wU ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ †`qv nq|

†hgb: 2012-13 A_© eQ‡i Dbœqb ev‡R‡U †gvU eivÏ wQj 55,000 †KvwU UvKv, Zvi g‡a¨ 5wU ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ ivLv nq 1345 †KvwU UvKv Ges 2013-14 A_© eQ‡i Dbœqb ev‡R‡U †gvU eivÏ cÖ¯Íve 65,000 †KvwU UvKv, Zvi g‡a¨ 5wU ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q 1310 †KvwU UvKv| A_©vr GwWwcÕi eivÏ e„w×i cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q 10,000 †KvwU UvKv wKš‘ ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi eivÏ Kgv‡bv n‡q‡Q 35 †KvwU UvKv| wb‡¤œi mviYx‡Z we¯ÍvwiZ cÖ`Ë n‡jv:

µwgK / ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb / 2012-13 A_© eQi / ‡gvU Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui % / 2013-14 A_© eQi (cÖ¯ÍvweZ) / ‡gvU Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui %
01 / BDwbqb cwil` / 45 †KvwU UvKv / 10 †KvwU UvKv
02 / Dc‡Rjv cwil` / 400 †KvwU UvKv / 400 †KvwU UvKv
03 / ‡Rjv cwil` / 350 †KvwU UvKv / 350 †KvwU UvKv
04 / ‡cŠimfv / 350 †KvwU UvKv / 350 †KvwU UvKv
05 / wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb / 200 †KvwU UvKv / 200 †KvwU UvKv
1345 †KvwU UvKv / 2.44 % / 1310 †KvwU UvKv / 2.01 %

· DcwiD³ Z_¨ †_‡K ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii `„wófw½ †evSv hvq|

¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZv wel‡q A_©gš¿xi e³e¨

ev‡RU e³…Zv‡ZB A_©gš¿x †ekwKQz ¯^xKv‡ivw³ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii eZ©gvb Ae¯’vbwU ¯úó K‡i‡Qb ejv hvq| BDwbqb cwil‡`i kvmb I †mev mieiv‡ni ÿgZv AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ D‡jøL K‡i wZwb MZ Pvi eQ‡ii AMÖMwZ wn‡m‡e Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb cwil`mg~‡ni wbe©vPb, BDwbqb cwil‡` mivmwi †_vK eivÏ cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v, GgbwK Ò†Rjv cwil‡`i cÖkvmK wb‡qvM K‡i RbcÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi iv¯Ív cÖk¯Í Kiv n‡q‡QÓ e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, eûj RbAay¨wlZ G †`‡k †K›`ªxqfv‡e †mev mieivn ev kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv †ek A`ÿ I RwUj| †mRb¨ we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi Ask wn‡m‡e †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb cwil‡` `vwq‡Z¡i wefvRb I mgš^q, miKv‡ii wbqš¿Yg~jK I Dbœqbg~jK `vwq‡Z¡i †ewkifvM AskB ¯’vbxq miKvi¸‡jvi Kv‡Q b¨¯Í Kiv, ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki I DÏxcbvg~jK AvgjvZš¿ m„wó Kiv Ges †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wmsnfvM Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡`i †Rjv AvgjvZ‡š¿ e`wj Kiv, ¯’vbxq ¯Í‡i wbqwgZ ivR¯^ Av`vq I †K›`ªxq ivR‡¯^i wbw`©ó Ask n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| e¨w³MZ AwfgZ wKš‘ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡jøL K‡i G¸‡jv‡K wZwb AvMvgx miKv‡ii Rb¨ P¨v‡jÄ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| G e¨vcv‡i GKwU Kvh©cÎ cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq weZ‡K©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_vI wZwb e‡j‡Qb|

MYZvwš¿K we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZi cÖvmw½KZv

mvaviY A‡_©, RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y KvR K‡i Ggb cÖkvmb I Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡mg~n‡K †K›`ªxq miKvi n‡Z miKvi Aaxb¯’, ¯^vqËkvwmZ A_ev †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡b ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqvB n‡”Q we‡K›`ªxKiY| Z‡e we‡K›`ªxKiY ïaygvÎ GKwU cÖkvmwbK ev Avw_©K welq bq, GwU ivR‰bwZK welqI| †m‡¶‡Î ¯^kvwmZ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii GKK¸‡jv‡Z †hŠ_Zvi wfwË‡Z KZ©„Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍi, A_©vr AvBwb wfwË‡Z †mev I Kvh©µg¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î mKj ¶gZv, KZ©„Z¡, KvR, `vq-`vwqZ¡ I m¤ú` †K›`ªxq miKvi n‡Z mivmwi wbe©vwPZ ¯’vbxq miKvi eivei n¯ÍvšÍi cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB Kvh©Ki we‡K›`ªxKiY m¤¢e| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M ivR‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK I Avw_©K we‡K›`ªxKiYmn c~Y©v½ `„wófw½i Av‡jv‡K GKwU mgwš^Z ÔMYZvwš¿K we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ cÖYqb I Zv Kvh©Ki KivÕ| hvi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb mKj ¯’vbxq miKvi AvB‡bi g‡a¨ †h mKj AmsMwZ I AmvgÄm¨Zv i‡q‡Q Zv `~i K‡i ¯^kvwmZ ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖwZôv Kiv hv‡e, hv AvR mg‡qi `vwe|

MYZvwš¿K we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ cÖ¯Ívebvi D‡`¨vM

evsjv‡`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœqb I mykvmb cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ mvsweavwbK wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯^kvwmZ ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi D‡Ï‡k¨ RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q Kg©iZ 36wU bvMwiK mgv‡Ri msMVb I †bUIqvK©, ¯’vbxq miKvi cøvUdig, bvMwiK mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa I ¯’vbxq miKvi we‡klÁ mgš^‡q MwVZ †RvU ÔMfv‡b©Ý GW‡fv‡Kwm †dvivgÕ MZ K‡qK eQi a‡i RvZxq I ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q GW‡fv‡Kwm I K¨v‡¤úBb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| GiB avivevwnKZvq eZ©gvb mgq I ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K mswkøó wewfbœ c‡ÿi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv I gZwewbg‡qi gva¨‡g GKwU ÔMYZvwš¿K we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ cÖ¯ÍvebvÕ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš¿Yvjq eivei n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

MYZvwš¿K we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ cÖ¯Ívebvi cÖavb w`Kmg~n (mswÿß weeiY, we¯ÍvwiZ bxwZ cÖ¯Ívebvi cÖKvkbvq D‡jøL Av‡Q)

wfkb

msweav‡bi Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡k GKwU cwic~Y© we‡K›`ªxf~Z kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖwZôv Kiv, hv n‡e wbe©vwPZ I ¯^kvwmZ|

j¶¨

¯’vbxq mvaviY gvby‡li gh©v`vc~Y© RxebaviY I RxweKvq‡bi gvb Dbœq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ RvZxq I ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mgwš^Z I Kvh©Ki m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Avw_©K Ges cÖkvmwbK ¶gZvqb|

D‡Ïk¨ (mswÿß weeiY)

· RvZxq miKvi KZ©„K ¶gZv, `vwqZ¡ I m¤ú` ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i n¯ÍvšÍi;

· RvZxq Dbœqb bxwZi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v, AMÖvwaKvi, mvg_©¨ I m¤ú` we‡ePbvq ¯’vbxq Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb;

· wewfbœ mg‡q cÖYxZ ¯’vbxq miKvi msµvšÍ AvBbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab I avivevwnKZv eRvq ivLv;

RvZxq I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii mywbw`©ó Kvh©µg I †mevmg~n

RvZxq Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ivóª‡K KwZcq `vwqZ¡ †K›`ªxqfv‡e m¤cv`b Ki‡Z nq| Avevi, we‡K›`ªxK…Z `vwqZ¡¸‡jv cvj‡bi †¶‡Î ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni f~wgKv gyL¨| ZvB RvZxq HK¨, msnwZ I Dbœqb Zivwš^Z Kivi †¶‡Î GK‡K›`ªxK evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi RvZxq I ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni f‚wgKv I Kvh©µg n‡Z n‡e mywbw`©ó| Kvh©Ki we‡K›`ªxKiY KvVv‡gv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z miKvwi †mev I Kvh©µgmg~n cÖavbZ msiw¶Z (Reserved), n¯ÍvšÍwiZ (Transferred) Ges mgvšÍivj (Concurrent) GB wZbfv‡M wef³ n‡e| wb‡¤œ wefvRb cÖ¯Ívebv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:

RvZxq miKvi / ¯’vbxq miKvi
- RvZxq ch©v‡q AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶v;
- wePvwiK cÖkvmb;
- RvZxq wbivcËv;
- ciivóª welqK;
- mKj ai‡bi RvZxq bxwZgvjv
- AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨;
- LwbR I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤ú` AvniY I e¨e¯’vcbv;
- ivR¯^ msMÖn I Ab¨vb¨ wbqwš¿Z cÖkvmb (†K›`ªxq I RvZxq ch©v‡q);
- f~wg e¨e¯’vcbv I wbeÜb
- RvZxq AeKvVv‡gv I ¯’vcbv wbg©vY Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y;
- mgy`ª I b`x e¨e¯’vcbv
- eûRvwZK I e„nr wkí-KviLvbv;
- cwi‡ek I eb;
- D”P wkÿv;
- we‡klvwqZ ¯^v¯’¨‡mev| / - ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶v;
- ¯’vbxq moK †hvMv‡hvM;
- ms¯’vcb welqK;
- wk¶v (cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v, gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK);
- ¯’vbxq ¯^v¯’¨ †mev (¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi Kj¨vY, nvmcvZvj, ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª I
cywó Kvh©µg);
- K…wl m¤cÖmviY, grm¨ I cÖvwYm¤ú` m¤úwK©Z †mevmg~n;
- gwnjv I wkï welqK ;
- mgvR Kj¨vY I mgevq;
- `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv I ÎvY;
- ¯’vbxq evwYR¨ I ¶z`ª wkí;
- mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx Kg©m~wP;
- hye I µxov welqK;
- cwi‡ek I eb (¯’vbxq ch©v‡q);
- AwMœ wbe©vcb e¨e¯’vcbv|

· G QvovI wKQz mgvšÍivj Kvh©µg, hv RvZxq I ¯’vbxq Dfq ai‡bi miKviB cwiPvjbv Ki‡e|

A_© I Avw_©K e¨e¯’vcbv

¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mywbw`©ó Avw_©K e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡e| RvZxq miKvi wewae×fv‡e wba©vwiZ Avw_©K eivÏ mivmwi ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv eivei ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡e| we‡klZ evwl©K Dbœqb cwiKíbvi AvIZvq ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi eivÏmg~n ¯^ ¯^ ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb eivei ¯’vbvšÍi n‡e| G QvovI, ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Kv‡Q wewa †gvZv‡eK wKQz wbw`©ó †¶‡Î Ki Av‡iv‡ci KZ©„Z¡ _vK‡e| we‡klZ, emZevwo Ki, nvU-evRvi, Rjgnvj BZ¨vw` BRviv eve` Avq cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq m¤ú` Avni‡Yi GLwZqvi cwic~Y©fv‡e ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Kv‡Q _vK‡e| ¯’vbxq Drmmg~n †_‡K cÖvß Avq mswkøó ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi wnmve wefv‡M Rgv n‡e Ges G A_© AvBbvbyMfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡b e¨eüZ n‡e| G A_©-e¨q wbe©v‡n ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z RvZxq miKv‡ii c‡¶ cÖ¯ÍvweZ ¯’vbxq miKvi Kwgkb KZ©„K wbhy³ ¯^vaxb ms¯’vi gva¨‡g wbqwgZ wbix¶v K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b `vwLj Kiv n‡e|

¯’vbxq miKvi Kwgkb: MVb, Kvh©µg I Revew`wnZv

¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ RvZxq miKv‡ii m¤úK© ˆZwii j‡¶¨ GKwU ¯^vqËkvwmZ Ô¯’vbxq miKvi KwgkbÕ cÖwZôv Kiv n‡e| Kwgkb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii c‡¶ ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Avw_©K eivÏmn hveZxq Kvh©µg cwiex¶Y I Z`viwKi wel‡q h‡_vchy³ ¶gZv cÖvß n‡e|

miKvi AvBb cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g bvix I Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ‡Mvôxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wbwðZ Kivi e¨e¯’v †i‡L ¯’vbxq miKvi Kwgkb MVb Ki‡e| GKwU cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj I MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ôwbe©vPbx c¨v‡bjÕ KZ©„K cÖ¯ÍvweZ e¨w³‡`i ga¨ †_‡K /ivóªcwZ Kwgk‡bi †Pqvicvm©b I m`m¨‡`i wb‡qvM cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| G Kwgkb ¯’vbxq miKvi I †mev msµvšÍ wewfbœ bxwZ I wb‡`©wkKv cÖYqb, M‡elYv, ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Avw_©K I cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg Z`viwK I miKv‡ii Kv‡Q mycvwik cÖ`vb cÖf…wZ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| Kwgkb Zvi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZvi bxwZ AbymiY, †hŠ_fv‡e wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges Zvi Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`i wbKU `vqx _vK‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K eQi †k‡l Kwgkb Zvi Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Ges cÖwZ‡e`‡bi GKwU Kwc RvZxq msm‡`i wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡e| Z`ycwi Kwgk‡bi I‡qemvBUmn wewfbœ gva¨‡gi Øviv Zv RbM‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvwß‡hvM¨ n‡e|

¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cwiKíbv I ev‡RU cÖYqb

ivóª Z…Yg~j †_‡K †K‡›`ª (Bottom-up) cwiKíbv I ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î BDwbqb, †cŠimfv I wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvW©-B n‡e cwiKíbvi cÖv_wgK avc| cÖwZwU ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡bi cwiKíbv cÖYqbKv‡j mswkøó Ab¨ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cwiKíbvmg~n‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e| RvZxq cwiKíbv cÖYqbKv‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Gme cwiKíbv‡K mgš^q Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ ¯’vbxq miKvi Kwgkb mswkøó‡`i gZvg‡Zi Av‡jv‡K ÔRvZxq ¯’vbxq miKvi cwiKíbv I ev‡RU wb‡`©wkKvÕ ˆZwi Ki‡e| eivÏ Abyhvqx A_©-e¨q wbe©v‡n ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖ¯ÍvweZ ¯’vbxq miKvi Kwgkb ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wnmve wbix¶v Kivi AwaKvi ivL‡e|

MYZvwš¿K we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ cÖ¯Ívebvi †gŠwjK w`Kmg~n:

§ ¯’vbxq Dbœqb Kv‡Ri g~j `vwqZ¡ ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôv‡b b¨¯Í K‡i †K›`ªxq cÖkvm‡bi Dci †_‡K AwZwi³ Kv‡Ri Pvc n«vm;

§ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wbKU ¯’vbxq †mev e¨e¯’v Z`viwKi `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb;

§ bxwZi Av‡jv‡K ¯’vbxq miKvi AvB‡bi h_vh_ ev¯Íevqb ch©‡eÿY, ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wbR¯^ we‡iva gxgvsmv Ges RvZxq miKv‡ii m‡½ cvi¯úwiK mgš^‡qi j‡¶¨ GKwU ¯^vqËkvwmZ Ô¯’vbxq miKvi KwgkbÕ cÖwZôv Kiv;

§ ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v we‡ePbvq wbP †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K (Bottom-up) AskMÖnYg~jK Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges G‡K †K›`ª K‡i RvZxq Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb;

§ miKvwi †mevmg~n (wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, K…wl, cjøx Dbœqb, mgvR Kj¨vY, mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP, `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv cÖf…wZ) `ÿZvi mv‡_ AwZ`wi`ªmn mvaviY RbM‡Yi †`vi‡Mvovq †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqv;

§ ¯’vbxq m¤ú` mgv‡ekxKiY I RvZxq ivR‡¯^ Askx`vwiZ¡ e„w×;