Table S1. Race-specific effect estimates for potential risk factors and all prostate cancer
Study / Exposure / Results / CommentsAfrican American / White
Adult Height
Hayes, 1999 / Height (Meters, Category Medians Displayed)
1.67 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1.75 / 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) / 1.3 (0.9, 1.9)
1.80 / 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) / 1.6 (1.2, 2.3)
1.85 / 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) / 1.7 (1.2, 2.4)
p (trend) / 0.92 / 0.002
Habel, 2000* / Height (Inches)
Quintile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 / 1.12 (0.83, 1.51) / 1.06 (0.91, 1.23)
Quintile 3 / 1.05 (0.78, 1.42) / 1.08 (0.93, 1.26)
Quintile 4 / 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) / 1.16 (0.99, 1.35)
Quintile 5 / 0.75 (0.42, 1.31) / 1.21 (1.03, 1.42)
Adult Weight, BMI, Obesity
Yu, 1988 / Body Mass (Quetlet Index)
<22 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
22.0-24.9 / 0.9 (0.3, 2.7) / 1.7 (1.2, 2.4)
25.0-27.9 / 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) / 1.4 (1.0, 2.1)
28.0+ / 1.1 (0.1, 2.1) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
Whittemore, 1995a / Body Mass (Quetlet Index)
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref). / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / -- / --
Tertile 3 / 0.87 / 1.1
p (trend) / 0.10 / 0.66
Hayes, 1999 / BMI at 25 Years of Age (Category Medians Displayed)
19.7 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
21.8 / 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) / 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)
23.6 / 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) / 0.8 (0.5, 1.1)
26.5 / 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.7)
p (trend) / 0.29 / 0.32
BMI at Usual Adult Weight (Category Medians Displayed)
21.9 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
24.3 / 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) / 0.8 (0.6, 1.1)
25.8 / 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) / 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)
28.9 / 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) / 1.1 (0.8, 1.4)
p (trend) / 0.32 / 0.43
BMI at Maximum Weight (Category Medians Displayed)
23.9 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
26.5 / 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) / 1.0 (0.7, 1.4)
29.1 / 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.8)
32.8 / 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) / 1.4 (0.9, 1.9)
p (trend) / 0.40 / 0.04
Habel, 2000* / Weight (Pounds)
Quintile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 / 1.11 (0.79, 1.56) / 1.04 (0.88, 1.22)
Quintile 3 / 1.14 (0.82, 1.60) / 0.98 (0.84, 1.16)
Quintile 4 / 1.09 (0.78, 1.52) / 1.01 (0.86, 1.18)
Quintile 5 / 0.96 (0.68, 1.36) / 1.05 (0.90, 1.24)
BMI
Quintile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 / 1.27 (0.88, 1.83) / 1.03 (0.87, 1.23)
Quintile 3 / 1.28 (0.90, 1.82) / 1.03 (0.87, 1.22)
Quintile 4 / 1.05 (0.74, 1.50) / 1.00 (0.44, 1.19)
Quintile 5 / 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) / 0.98 (0.82, 1.16)
Sanderson, 2004 / BMI (Quartiles)
<24.4 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
24.4-27.2 / 1.27 / 1.02
27.3-29.8 / 0.98 / 0.93
29.9 / 0.79 / 1.10
p (trend) / 0.61 / 0.67
Samanic, 2004* / Obesity
Non-obese / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Obese / 1.12 (1.04, 1.20) / 1.19 (1.15, 1.24)
Tsai, 2006 / BMI
Quartile 1
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 21.8
Whites: 21.5) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 23.6
Whites: 22.3) / 0.68 (0.26, 1.78) / 0.95 (0.46, 1.93)
Quartile 3
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 25.6
Whites: 24.9) / 1.20 (0.54, 2.65) / 0.92 (0.47, 1.78)
Quartile 4
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 28.4
Whites: 26.9) / 1.69 (0.73, 3.88) / 1.11 (0.56, 2.17)
p (trend) / 0.12 / 0.75
Beebe-Dimmer, 2007 / Abdominal Obesity
Waist Circumference 102 cm / 1.0 (ref.) / N/A
Waist Circumference >102 cm / 1.84 (1.17, 2.91) / N/A
Perceived Childhood Anthropometric Measurements
Hayes, 1999 / Perceived Childhood Height
Short / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Somewhat Short / 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) / 1.1 (0.6, 1.8)
Average Height / 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) / 1.4 (0.9, 2.0)
Somewhat Tall / 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) / 2.2 (1.3, 3.7)
Tall / 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) / 1.9 (1.1, 3.1)
p (trend) / 0.89 / 0.0009
Perceived Childhood Weight
Thin / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Somewhat Thin / 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
Average Weight / 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.6)
Somewhat Heavy / 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) / 1.5 (1.0, 2.4)
Heavy / 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) / 1.9 (0.9, 4.1)
p (trend) / 0.79 / 0.04
Tobacco Use
Ross, 1987 / Smoking (Ever)
Nonsmokers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Smokers / 1.1 / 0.9
Yu, 1988 / Cigarette Smoking
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Former / 1.4 (0.7, 2.7) / 0.9 (0.7, 1.1)
Current / 1.7 (0.4, 1.3) / 1.0 (0.8, 1.2)
Hayes, 1994 / Cigarette Use
Never Used Tobacco / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Former Smoker
Any / 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.6)
<10 Cigarettes/day / 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) / 1.6 (0.8, 3.2)
10-19 Cigarettes/day / 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) / 1.2 (0.7, 1.9)
20-39 Cigarettes/day / 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) / 1.0 (0.7, 1.5)
40+ Cigarettes/day / 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) / 1.5 (1.0, 2.2)
Current Smoker
Any / 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.7)
<10 Cigarettes/day / 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) / 0.8 (0.2, 3.2)
10-19 Cigarettes/day / 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) / 0.8 (0.4, 1.7)
20-39 Cigarettes/day / 0.8 (0.6, 1.3) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
40+ Cigarettes/day / 1.9 (0.9, 4.2) / 1.3 (0.7, 2.4)
Cigarette Use
Never Used Tobacco / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Duration (Years)
<20 / 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) / 1.0 (0.6, 1.5)
20-39 / 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) / 1.3 (0.9, 1.9)
40+ / 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.7)
Cumulative Amount (Pack-years)
<20 / 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) / 1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
20-44 / 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) / 1.4 (1.0-2.0)
45+ / 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.7)
Other Tobacco Use
Never Used Tobacco / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Pipe
Former / 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.7)
Current / 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) / 1.4 (0.7, 2.7)
Cigars
Former / 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) / 1.3 (0.8, 1.9)
Current / 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) / 1.0 (0.5, 1.7)
Chewing Tobacco
Former / 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) / 1.2 (0.6, 2.3)
Current / 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) / 0.5 (0.2, 1.5)
Snuff
Former / 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) / 0.6 (0.2, 2.1)
Current / 4.7 (0.9, 24.7) / --
Sanderson, 2004 / Smoking Status
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Former / 1.10 / 1.20
Current / 1.08 / 1.20
Cigarettes Per Day
0 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
<20 / 1.17 / 1.48
20 / 0.98 / 1.10
>20 / 1.17 / 1.10
p (trend) / 0.71 / 0.63
Smoking Duration (Years)
0 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
<25 / 0.93 / 1.29
25-45 / 1.25 / 1.07
>45 / 1.17 / 1.33
p (trend) / 0.29 / 0.93
Alcohol Use
Ross, 1987 / Alcohol Intake (Any)
Nondrinkers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Drinkers / 0.9 / 0.9
Yu, 1988 / Alcohol Consumption
0 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1 / 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) / 1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
3 / 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.5)
Hayes, 1996 / Alcohol Use
Never Used / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Drinks Per Week
Any / 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.7)
7 / 1.1 (0.8, 1.7) / 1.1 (0.8, 1.6)
8-21 / 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.7)
22-56 / 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.7)
57 / 1.8 (1.1, 3.0) / 2.0 (1.2, 3.4)
p (trend) / <0.01 / <0.05
Recent Drinker (Drinks Per Week)
7 / 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) / 1.1 (0.8, 1.6)
8-21 / 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
22-56 / 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) / 1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
57 / 1.8 (0.9, 3.3) / 1.7 (0.9, 3.3)
Former Drinker (Drinks Per Week)
7 / 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) / 1.3 (0.7, 2.4)
8-21 / 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) / 1.6 (0.9, 2.9)
22-56 / 1.5 (0.9, 2.6) / 1.7 (0.9, 3.1)
57 / 1.9 (0.9, 3.8) / 2.2 (1.0, 4.6)
Drinks of Beer Per Week
7 / 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.7)
8-14 / 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) / 1.3 (0.9, 2.0)
15-28 / 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) / 1.3 (0.8, 2.1)
29 / 2.7 (1.4, 5.2) / 2.0 (1.2, 3.2)
p (trend) / <0.01 / <0.05
Drinks of Wine Per Week
<3 / 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) / 1.4 (1.0, 2.1)
3-14 / 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) / 1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
>14 / 2.1 (1.0, 4.3) / 1.2 (0.6, 2.2)
p (trend) / 0.05 / 0.97
Drinks of Liquor Per Week
7 / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.7)
8-14 / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) / 1.2 (0.7, 1.8)
15-28 / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) / 1.3 (0.8, 2.2)
29 / 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) / 2.6 (1.4, 4.8)
p (trend) / 0.07 / <0.01
Population Attributable Risk / 14% / 15%
Population Attributable Risk (22-56 Drinks Per Week) / 8% / 3%
Population Attributable Risk (57 or More Drinks Per Week) / 5% / 4%
Sanderson, 2004 / Alcohol Use
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Former / 1.24 / 0.76
Current / 0.86 / 0.60
Drinks Per Day
0 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-2 / 1.09 / 0.95
3-4 / 0.53 / 0.64
5 / 1.43 / 0.66
p (trend) / 0.15 / 0.78
Drinking Duration (Years)
0 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
<25 / 0.86 / 0.84
25-45 / 1.84 / 0.62
>45 / 0.95 / 0.69
p (trend) / 0.35 / 0.55
Physical Activity
Yu, 1988 / Physical Exercise (times/week; 20 minute intervals with perspiration and shortness of breath)
>3 (Active) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-3 (Moderate) / 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) / 1.1 (0.9, 1.3)
<1 (Seldom) / 1.4 (0.8, 2.6) / 1.3 (1.0, 1.6)
Whittemore, 1995a / Hours Per Day Spent In Any Activity Other Than Sitting, Reclining, or Sleeping
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / -- / --
Tertile 3 / 1.2 / 0.92
p (trend) / 0.09 / 0.62
Hayes, 1999 / Occupational Physical Activity
Sedentary / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Moderate / 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) / 1.0 (0.7, 1.3)
Active / 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.9)
Clarke, 2000* / Nonrecreational Activity (NRA)
Very Active / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Moderately Active / 1.74 (0.90, 3.38) / 0.93 (0.66, 1.30)
Inactive / 3.74 (1.66, 8.44) / 1.67 (0.78, 2.28)
p (trend) / <0.01 / 0.62
p (heterogeneity) / 0.12
Recreational Activity (RA)
Much / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Moderate / 2.96 (0.85, 10.23) / 0.92 (0.61, 1.39)
Little or None / 3.17 (0.96, 10.46) / 0.98 (0.64, 1.49)
p (trend) / 0.08 / 0.97
p (heterogeneity) / 0.38
Sanderson, 2004 / Strenuous Physical Activity (Tertiles Among Active in Hours Per Week)
None / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
2.0 / 1.02 / 0.50 (p < 0.05)
2.1-4.0 / 0.40 / 0.87
4.1 / 1.87 / 0.94
p (trend) / 0.86 / 0.48
Moderate Physical Activity (Tertiles Among Active in Hours Per Week)
None / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
3.0 / 1.47 / 0.68
3.1-6.0 / 0.98 / 0.88
6.1 / 1.12 / 0.88
p (trend) / 0.37 / 0.71
Diabetes
Rosenberg, 2002 / Diabetes
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 3.16 (0.67, 15.0) / 0.44 (0.21, 0.93)
p (heterogeneity) / <0.05
Coker, 2004 / Diabetes
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.36 (0.21, 0.62) / 1.08 (0.66, 1.78)
Beebe-Dimmer, 2007 / Diabetes
No / 1.0 (ref.) / N/A
Yes / 0.96 (0.55, 1.68) / N/A
Darbinian, 2008* / Glucose Tolerance (mg/dL)
<140 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
140-159 / 0.85 (0.66, 1.09) / 0.94 (0.80, 1.11)
160-199 / 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) / 1.00 (0.88, 1.13)
200 / 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) / 0.92 (0.81, 1.05)
Diabetes / 0.59 (0.37, 0.95) / 0.82 (0.63, 1.08)
p (trend) / 0.07 / 0.18
Blood Pressure
Friedman, 1997* / Blood Pressure
Normal / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Borderline / 0.88 (0.78, 0.98) / 0.95 (0.84, 1.06)
High / 0.82 (0.66, 1.02) / 0.88 (0.78, 0.98)
Systolic Blood Pressure
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 0.88 (0.61, 1.25) / 0.96 (0.82, 1.12)
Quartile 3 / 0.96 (0.71, 1.31) / 0.98 (0.85, 1.13)
Quartile 4 / 0.78 (0.67, 1.07) / 0.85 (0.73, 0.99)
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 0.87 (0.61, 1.25) / 1.02 (0.87, 1.19)
Quartile 3 / 1.09 (0.79, 1.52) / 0.98 (0.84, 1.14)
Quartile 4 / 0.94 (0.67, 1.30) / 0.98 (0.84, 1.14)
Beebe-Dimmer, 2007 / High Blood Pressure
No / 1.0 (ref.) / N/A
Yes / 2.36 (1.49, 3.73) / N/A
Heart Rate
Friedman, 1997* / Heart Rate
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 0.93 (0.70, 1.23) / 0.98 (0.85, 1.13)
Quartile 3 / 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) / 0.90 (0.77, 1.04)
Quartile 4 / 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) / 0.93 (0.81, 1.06)
Male Pattern Baldness
Hawk, 2000* / Male Pattern Baldness
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 2.10 (1.04, 4.25) / 1.42 (1.01, 1.98)
p (heterogeneity) / 0.22
Medication Use
Habel, 2002* / Aspirin Use (Defined as More Than Six Aspirin Almost Every Day)
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.84 (0.56, 1.25) / 0.75 (0.54, 1.04)
Govindarajan, 2007* / Use of Thiazolidinediones / All participants had diabetes
Yes / 1.18 (0.94, 1.50) / 1.15 (1.02, 1.31)
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Other Prostate Conditions
Patel, 2005 / Prostatitis History
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 2.2 (1.1, 4.6) / 1.6 (0.8, 2.9)
p (heterogeneity) / 0.57
BPH History
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 2.7 (1.6, 4.4) / 2.3 (1.5, 3.4)
p (heterogeneity) / 0.84
Fruits and Vegetables
Ross, 1987 / Carrots(times/week)
Less Than or Equal Cutpoint
(African Americans: ≤2
Whites: ≤3) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
More Than Cutpoint
(African Americans: >2,
Whites: >3) / 1.1 / 0.5 (p < 0.05)
Cooked Spinach, Cabbage, or Collards(times/week)
Less Than or Equal Cutpoint
(African Americans: ≤3
Whites: ≤2) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
More Than Cutpoint
(African Americans: >3
Whites: >2) / 0.6 (p < 0.05) / 1.3
Hayes, 1999 / Fruits
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.3 / 1.0
Quartile 3 / 1.2 / 1.1
Quartile 4 / 1.3 / 1.0
p (trend) / 0.29 / 0.98
Vegetables
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.3 / 0.9
Quartile 3 / 1.2 / 1.0
Quartile 4 / 1.2 / 0.8
p (trend) / 0.30 / 0.38
Raw Tomatoes
0 Servings / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-3 Servings Per Month / 0.9 / 1.0
1 Serving Per Week / 0.9 / 1.3
2-4 Servings Per Week / 1.0 / 1.1
5+ Servings Per Week / 0.8 / 0.9
p (trend) / 0.41 / 0.23
Cooked Tomatoes and Tomato Sauces
0 Servings / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-3 Servings Per Month / 1.3 / 0.8
1 Serving Per Week / 1.1 / 0.5 (p<0.05)
2-4 Servings Per Week / 1.3 / 0.7
5+ Servings Per Week / 1.3 / 0.9
p (trend) / 0.98 / 0.62
Tomato Juice
0 Servings / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-3 Servings Per Month / 1.0 / 1.2
1 Serving Per Week / 1.1 / 1.0
2-4 Servings Per Week / 1.1 / 1.1
5+ Servings Per Week / 1.3 / 1.5
p (trend) / 0.36 / 0.36
Watermelon
0 Servings / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-3 Servings Per Month / 0.9 / 0.8
1 Serving Per Week / 0.9 / 0.8
2-4 Servings Per Week / 0.6 / 0.6
p (trend) / 0.13 / 0.16
Kolonel, 2000 / Yellow-Orange Vegetables
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 0.76 (0.55, 1.05) / 0.73 (0.53, 1.00)
Tertile 3 / 0.91 (0.66, 1.26) / 0.90 (0.66, 1.22)
p (trend) / 0.88 / 0.85
Cruciferous Vegetables
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 1.09 (0.82, 1.46) / 0.92 (0.69, 1.23)
Tertile 3 / 0.90 (0.65, 1.24) / 1.17 (0.83, 1.63)
p (trend) / 0.41 / 0.31
Corn
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 0.93 (0.68, 1.28) / 0.78 (0.56, 1.08)
Tertile 3 / 0.92 (0.67, 1.26) / 0.72 (0.52, 1.00)
p (trend) / 0.67 / 0.10
Carrots
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 0.92 (0.68, 1.25) / 0.73 (0.52, 1.03)
Tertile 3 / 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) / 0.87 (0.63, 1.20)
p (trend) / 0.11 / 0.89
Tomatoes (Cooked)
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) / 1.07 (0.80, 1.44)
Tertile 3 / 0.72 (0.41, 1.26) / 0.90 (0.54, 1.51)
p (trend) / 0.25 / 0.83
Meat and Poultry
Ross, 1987 / Pork (times/week)
Less Than or Equal Cutpoint
(African Americans: ≤3
Whites: ≤2) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
More Than Cutpoint
(African Americans: >3
Whites: >2) / 2.3 (p < 0.05) / 1.3
Beef or Pork Kidney(times/week)
Less Than or Equal Cutpoint
(African Americans: ≤1
Whites: ≤1) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
More Than Cutpoint
(African Americans: >1
Whites: >1) / 2.8 (p < 0.05) / --
Poultry or Fowl(times/week)
Less Than or Equal Cutpoint
(African Americans: ≤3
Whites: ≤3) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
More Than Cutpoint
(African Americans: >3
Whites: >3) / 0.4 (p < 0.05) / 0.4 (p < 0.05)
Hayes, 1999 / Meat
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.4 / 1.2
Quartile 3 / 1.5 / 1.0
Quartile 4 / 1.8 (p < 0.05) / 1.0
p (trend) / 0.003 / 0.76
Red Meat
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.4 / 1.2
Quartile 3 / 1.5 (p < 0.05) / 1.0
Quartile 4 / 1.9 (p < 0.05) / 1.0
p (trend) / 0.0007 / 0.62
Poultry and Fish
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.2 / 1.1
Quartile 3 / 1.3 / 1.1
Quartile 4 / 1.3 / 1.0
p (trend) / 0.20 / 0.93
Rodriguez, 2006* / Total Processed Plus Unprocessed Red Meat (Grams Per Week)
0-<246 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
246-<408 / 1.2 (0.6, 2.2) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
408-<657 / 1.2 (0.6, 2.6) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
657 / 2.0 (1.0, 4.2) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.0)
p (trend) / 0.05 / 0.17
p (heterogeneity) / 0.05
Unprocessed Red Meat (Grams Per Week)
0-<137 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
137-<244 / 2.3 (1.2, 4.5) / 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
244-<423 / 1.8 (0.9, 3.7) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
423 / 1.7 (0.8, 3.9) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
p (trend) / 0.49 / 0.68
p (heterogeneity) / 0.29
Processed Meat (Grams Per Week)
0-<59 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
59-<129 / 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) / 1.1 (1.0, 1.1)
129-<247 / 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
247 / 2.4 (1.2, 4.9) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
p (trend) / 0.008 / 0.98
p (heterogeneity) / 0.03
Cooked Processed Meat (Grams Per Week)
0-<38 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
38-<87 / 1.8 (0.9, 3.5) / 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
87-<165 / 1.4 (0.7, 2.9) / 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
165 / 2.7 (1.3, 5.3) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.2)
p (trend) / 0.008 / 0.34
p (heterogeneity) / 0.02
Lunchmeat (Grams Per Week)
None / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-<33 / 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) / 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
33-<56 / 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) / 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
56 / 1.0 (0.6, 1.9) / 1.0 (1.0, 1.2)
p (trend) / 0.37 / 0.93
p (heterogeneity) / 0.46
Poultry (Grams Per Week)
0-<91 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
91-<164 / 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) / 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
164-<279 / 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) / 1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
279 / 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) / 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
p (trend) / 0.34 / 0.97
p (heterogeneity) / 0.62
Park, 2007* / Total Meat (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1(Median = 22.5) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 37.3) / 1.17 (0.93, 1.46) / 1.02 (0.84, 1.23)
Quintile 3(Median = 48.8) / 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) / 1.00 (0.82, 1.22)
Quintile 4(Median = 61.6) / 1.13 (0.91, 1.39) / 0.92 (0.74, 1.14)
Quintile 5(Median = 83.0) / 1.02 (0.84, 1.25) / 1.00 (0.79, 1.27)
p (trend) / 0.72 / 0.70
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.53
Red Meat (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1(Median = 5.5) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 12.6) / 1.13 (0.94, 1.36) / 0.96 (0.79, 1.17)
Quintile 3(Median = 18.5) / 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) / 1.00 (0.82, 1.23)
Quintile 4(Median = 25.2) / 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) / 1.05 (0.85, 1.28)
Quintile 5(Median = 37.0) / 1.05 (0.86, 1.27) / 0.83 (0.65, 1.05)
p (trend) / 0.76 / 0.29
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.45
Processed Meat (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1(Median = 2.2) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 5.4) / 0.91 (0.74, 1.13) / 1.15 (0.95, 1.40)
Quintile 3(Median = 8.4) / 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) / 1.08 (0.88, 1.32)
Quintile 4(Median = 12.2) / 0.89 (0.72, 1.09) / 0.93 (0.74, 1.15)
Quintile 5(Median = 20.0) / 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) / 1.02 (0.82, 1.27)
p (trend) / 0.78 / 0.57
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.35
Fish (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1(Median = 1.2) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 3.9) / 1.12 (0.93, 1.34) / 1.05 (0.85, 1.30)
Quintile 3(Median = 6.6) / 1.03 (0.86, 1.25) / 1.09 (0.88, 1.34)
Quintile 4(Median = 10.1) / 1.11 (0.91, 1.35) / 1.21 (0.98, 1.50)
Quintile 5(Median = 17.8) / 1.06 (0.87, 1.31) / 1.07 (0.85, 1.34)
p (trend) / 0.72 / 0.40
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.56
Fat Intake
Ross, 1987 / Fat Intake
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 1.4 / 1.8
Tertile 3 / 1.9 (p < 0.05) / 1.6
Fat and Beta-carotene Intake
High Beta-carotene, Low Fat / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
High Beta-carotene, High Fat / 1.8 / 1.9
Low Beta-carotene, Low Fat / 1.8 / 1.7
Low Beta-carotene, High Fat / 1.9 / 2
Whittemore, 1995a / Dietary Fat Intake (g/day)
Quintile 1(Median = 40.4) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 56.6) / 0.89 (0.55, 1.5) / 0.61 (0.39, 0.96)
Quintile 3(Median = 73.6) / 0.83 (0.53, 1.3) / 0.92 (0.60, 1.4)
Quintile 4(Median = 95.9) / 0.86 (0.56, 1.3) / 1.3 (0.84, 2.0)
Quintile 5(Median = 140.1) / 1.3 (0.83, 1.9) / 1.2 (0.78, 1.8)
p (trend) / 0.62 / 0.81
Saturated Fat Intake (g/day)
Quintile 1(Median = 11.2) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 16.7) / 1.40 (0.81, 2.3) / 0.64 (0.39, 1.0)
Quintile 3(Median = 22.8) / 0.97 (0.57, 1.7) / 0.72 (0.44, 1.2)
Quintile 4(Median = 30.1) / 1.1 (0.62, 1.8) / 0.89 (0.51, 1.5)
Quintile 5(Median = 45.5) / 1.7 (0.92, 3.3) / 0.91 (0.45, 1.8)
p (trend) / 0.44 / 0.72
Hayes, 1999 / Foods High in Animal Fat(times/week)
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.3 / 1.6 (p < 0.05)
Quartile 3 / 2.0 (p < 0.05) / 1.6 (p < 0.05)
Quartile 4 / 1.8 (p < 0.05) / 1.3
p (trend) / 0.005 / 0.29
Fat(g/day)
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.5 (p < 0.05) / 1.2
Quartile 3 / 1.4 / 1.6 (p < 0.05)
Quartile 4 / 1.9(p < 0.05) / 1.1
p (trend) / 0.004 / 0.17
Animal Fat(g/day)
Quartile 1 (≤33) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 (34-46) / 1.5 / 1.7 (p < 0.05)
Quartile 3 (47-61) / 2.0 (p < 0.05) / 1.7 (p < 0.05)
Quartile 4 (62) / 1.9 (p < 0.05) / 1.2
p (trend) / 0.0009 / 0.39
Other Fat (g/day)
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.1 / 1.1
Quartile 3 / 1.0 / 1.1
Quartile 4 / 1.3 / 1.4
p (trend) / 0.10 / 0.11
Sanderson, 2004 / Animal Fat (Servings Per Week)
Quartile 1 (12.7) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 (12.8-18.95) / 0.75 / 1.53
Quartile 3(18.96-26.7) / 0.84 / 1.11
Quartile 4(26.8) / 0.82 / 0.69
p (trend) / 0.84 / 0.16
Park, 2007* / Total Fat (% Energy)
Quintile 1(Median = 20.5) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 26.4) / 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) / 0.89 (0.72, 1.10)
Quintile 3(Median = 30.3) / 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) / 0.98 (0.79, 1.21)
Quintile 4(Median = 34.0) / 0.82 (0.67, 1.02) / 0.99 (0.80, 1.22)
Quintile 5(Median = 39.1) / 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) / 0.92 (0.74, 1.14)
p (trend) / 0.98 / 0.75
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.33
Saturated Fat (% Energy)
Quintile 1(Median = 5.5) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 7.4) / 0.94 (0.74, 1.18) / 0.85 (0.68, 1.06)
Quintile 3(Median = 8.9) / 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) / 0.87 (0.70, 1.08)
Quintile 4(Median = 10.3) / 0.92 (0.74, 1.14) / 0.96 (0.77, 1.18)
Quintile 5(Median = 12.3) / 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) / 0.89 (0.72, 1.10)
p (trend) / 0.48 / 0.59
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.36
Monounsaturated Fat (% Energy)
Quintile 1(Median = 7.4) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 9.6) / 0.98 (0.77, 1.23) / 1.02 (0.82, 1.26)
Quintile 3(Median = 11.2) / 0.86 (0.68, 1.08) / 1.05 (0.85, 1.30)
Quintile 4(Median = 12.6) / 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) / 1.12 (0.91, 1.39)
Quintile 5(Median = 14.7) / 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) / 0.95 (0.76, 1.19)
p (trend) / 0.80 / 0.99
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.29
Polyunsaturated Fat (% Energy)
Quintile 1(Median = 5.0) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2(Median = 6.4) / 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) / 1.03 (0.85, 1.25)
Quintile 3(Median = 7.4) / 0.94 (0.75, 1.16) / 0.82 (0.67, 1.02)
Quintile 4(Median = 8.4) / 0.98 (0.80, 1.20) / 0.94 (0.76, 1.16)
Quintile 5(Median = 9.8) / 1.02 (0.83, 1.24) / 0.92 (0.74, 1.14)
p (trend) / 0.67 / 0.28
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.35
Other Nutrients, Vitamins, etc.
Ross, 1987 / Protein
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 0.7 / 0.9
Tertile 3 / 0.9 / 0.9
Vitamin A
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 1.2 / 0.6
Tertile 3 / 0.8 / 1.0
Beta-carotene
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 0.7 / 0.7
Tertile 3 / 0.6 / 1.0
Hayes, 1999 / Protein (g/day)
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.4 / 1.0
Quartile 3 / 1.5 (p < 0.05) / 1.2
Quartile 4 / 1.8 (p < 0.05) / 0.9
p (trend) / 0.002 / 0.59
Carbohydrates(g/day)
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.0 / 1.3
Quartile 3 / 1.0 / 1.4
Quartile 4 / 1.3 / 1.4
p (trend) / 0.02 / 0.14
Vitamin A: Animal Sources
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.1 / 1.0
Quartile 3 / 1.2 / 1.0
Quartile 4 / 1.1 / 0.8
p (trend) / 0.88 / 0.23
Vitamin A: Fruit and Vegetable Sources
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.3 / 0.9
Quartile 3 / 1.3 / 0.9
Quartile 4 / 0.2 / 0.8
p (trend) / 0.56 / 0.86
Calcium: Food Sources
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 0.8 / 1.2
Quartile 3 / 0.7 / 1.4
Quartile 4 / 0.6 / 1.4
p (trend) / 0.06 / 0.22
Lycopene Sources: Combined Food Groups
0-3servings/mo / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1 serving/wk / 1.2 / 1.1
2-4 servings/wk / 1.3 / 1.0
5+ servings/wk / 1.0 / 0.9
p (trend) / 0.26 / 0.17
Use of Multivitamins
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) / 1.0 (0.7, 1.3)
Vogt, 2002 / Alpha-carotene (µg/dL)
Quartile 1 (0.0-1.4) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.) / Race interactions
Quartile 2 (1.5-3.2) / 1.49 / 1.54 / not statistically
Quartile 3 (3.3-4.7) / 1.19 / 1.40 / significant
Quartile 4 (4.8-29.4) / 1.43 / 1.09
p (trend) / 0.53 / 0.95
Beta-carotene (µg/dL)
Quartile 1 (0.3-8.2) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 (8.3-14.8) / 2.79 (p < 0.05) / 1.09
Quartile 3 (14.9-23.1) / 1.42 / 1.87
Quartile 4 (23.2-117.5) / 2.43 (p < 0.05) / 1.20
p (trend) / 0.22 / 0.57
Beta-cryptoxanthin (µg/dL)
Quartile 1(0.3-4.9) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 (5.0-7.1) / 1.74 / 1.00
Quartile 3 (7.2-11.1) / 2.02 / 0.99
Quartile 4 (11.2-44.3) / 1.13 / 0.91
p (trend) / 0.89 / 0.64
Lutein/Zeaxanthin (µg/dL)
Quartile 1 (3.6-14.1) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 (14.2-19.6) / 1.74 / 1.00
Quartile 3 (19.7-26.6) / 1.51 / 0.83
Quartile 4 (26.7-80.8) / 2.03 / 1.53
p (trend) / 0.18 / 0.45
Lycopene (µg/dL)
Quartile 1 (0.5-10.7) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 (10.8-17.1) / 0.88 / 0.96
Quartile 3 (17.2-24.7) / 0.67 / 0.69
Quartile 4 (24.8-57.4) / 0.73 / 0.59
p (trend) / 0.36 / 0.17
Vogt, 2003 / Serum Selenium (µg/mL)
Quartile 1 (≤0.119) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2(0.120-0.135) / 0.77 (0.38, 1.56) / 2.52 (1.16, 5.46)
Quartile 3 (0.136-0.150) / 1.02 (0.47, 2.23) / 0.78 (0.35, 1.72)
Quartile 4 (0.151+) / 0.68 (0.28, 1.61) / 0.70 (0.30, 1.64)
p (trend) / 0.14 / 0.51
p (heterogeneity) / 0.04
Sanderson, 2004 / Lycopene (Quartiles of Servings Per Week)
2.6 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
2.7-4.5 / 1.01 / 0.88
4.6-8.0 / 1.08 / 0.98
8.1 / 0.99 / 0.55 (0.31, 0.98)
p (trend) / 0.36 / 0.03
Park, 2007* / n-3 Fatty Acids (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1 (Median = 0.59) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 (Median = 0.74) / 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) / 0.86 (0.71, 1.05)
Quintile 3 (Median = 0.85) / 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) / 0.83 (0.68, 1.02)
Quintile 4 (Median = 0.96) / 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) / 0.91 (0.74, 1.12)
Quintile 5 (Median = 1.13) / 1.05 (0.87, 1.28) / 0.87 (0.70, 1.08)
p (trend) / 0.25 / 0.24
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.04
α-Linolenic Acid (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1 (Median = 0.55) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 (Median = 0.70) / 0.84 (0.68, 1.03) / 0.88 (0.73, 1.07)
Quintile 3 (Median = 0.80) / 0.91 (0.75, 1.12) / 0.83 (0.68, 1.02)
Quintile 4 (Median = 0.90) / 0.73 (0.76, 1.13) / 0.91 (0.74, 1.12)
Quintile 5 (Median = 1.07) / 1.00 (0.82, 1.21) / 0.79 (0.64, 0.99)
p (trend) / 0.59 / 0.06
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.05
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1 (Median = 0.004) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 (Median = 0.009) / 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) / 1.12 (0.92, 1.35)
Quintile 3 (Median = 0.014) / 1.17 (0.96, 1.41) / 1.10 (0.90, 1.34)
Quintile 4 (Median = 0.022) / 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) / 1.10 (0.89, 1.36)
Quintile 5 (Median = 0.037) / 1.02 (0.83, 1.25) / 1.02 (0.81, 1.29)
p (trend) / 0.62 / 0.95
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.75
Docohahexaenoic Acid (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1 (Median = 0.01) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 (Median = 0.02) / 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) / 0.91 (0.75, 1.11)
Quintile 3 (Median = 0.03) / 1.17 (0.96, 1.44) / 1.11 (0.91, 1.35)
Quintile 4 (Median = 0.05) / 1.15 (0.94, 1.41) / 1.07 (0.87, 1.32)
Quintile 5 (Median = 0.07) / 1.08 (0.87, 1.32) / 0.98 (0.78, 1.23)
p (trend) / 0.75 / 0.69
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.56
n-6 Fatty Acids (g/1,000 kcal)
Quintile 1 (Median = 5.0) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 (Median = 6.4) / 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) / 0.97 (0.80, 1.19)
Quintile 3 (Median = 7.4) / 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) / 0.84 (0.68, 1.04)
Quintile 4 (Median = 8.4) / 0.99 (0.80, 1.22) / 0.92 (0.75, 1.14)
Quintile 5 (Median = 10.0) / 1.09 (0.89, 1.33) / 0.91 (0.74, 1.13)
p (trend) / 0.53 / 0.32
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.38
Ratio of n-6 to n-3 Fatty Acids
Quintile 1 (Median = 7.3) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quintile 2 (Median = 8.1) / 0.91 (0.71, 1.15) / 0.87 (0.68, 1.10)
Quintile 3 (Median = 8.7) / 1.04 (0.84, 1.30) / 0.83 (0.74, 1.16)
Quintile 4 (Median = 9.2) / 0.95 (0.76, 1.17) / 0.94 (0.75, 1.17)
Quintile 5 (Median = 10.3) / 1.01 (0.82, 1.24) / 0.98 (0.79, 1.20)
p (trend) / 0.75 / 0.77
p (heterogeneity, 4 race groups) / 0.76
Dairy, Grains, Miscellaneous Foods
Ross, 1987 / Eggs (times/week)
Less Than or Equal Cutpoint
(African Americans: ≤4
Whites: ≤5) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
More Than Cutpoint
(African Americans: >4
Whites: >5) / 1.8 (p<0.05) / 2.5 (p<0.05)
Hayes, 1999 / Breads, Grains, and Cereals
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.1 / 1.1
Quartile 3 / 1.1 / 1.1
Quartile 4 / 1.4 / 1.0
p (trend) / 0.05 / 0.90
Dairy Foods
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 0.9 / 1.6 (p<0.05)
Quartile 3 / 1.1 / 1.5 (p<0.05)
Quartile 4 / 0.9 / 1.7 (p<0.05)
p (trend) / 0.75 / 0.03
Sweets
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.1 / 1.2
Quartile 3 / 1.2 / 1.1
Quartile 4 / 1.3 / 1.5 (p<0.05)
p (trend) / 0.21 / 0.02
Calories From Food
Quartile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2 / 1.5 (p<0.05) / 1.5 (p<0.05)
Quartile 3 / 1.5 (p<0.05) / 1.7 (p<0.05)
Quartile 4 / 1.8 (p<0.05) / 1.3
p (trend) / 0.004 / 0.15
Kolonel, 2000 / Soyfoods
Tertile 1 (Below Median for
African-Americans / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 (Above Median for
African-Americans) / 0.85 (0.60, 1.21) / 0.75 (0.56, 1.02)
Tertile 3 / -- / 0.77 (0.45, 1.30)
p (trend) / 0.37 / 0.52
Legumes (Excluding Soyfoods)
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 0.71 (0.49, 1.03) / 0.97 (0.70, 1.35)
Tertile 3 / 0.58 (0.40, 0.84) / 0.97 (0.69, 1.36)
p (trend) / 0.01 / 0.91
All Legumes
Tertile 1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Tertile 2 / 0.78 (0.58, 1.06) / 1.03 (0.76, 1.38)
Tertile 3 / 0.65 (0.47, 0.92) / 0.90 (0.64, 1.26)
p (trend) / 0.02 / 0.52
Sanderson, 2004 / Dairy (Quartiles of Servings Per Week)
2.2 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
2.3-5.0 / 0.86 / 0.82
5.1-8.5 / 1.29 / 0.60
8.6 / 1.04 / 0.84
p (trend) / 0.57 / 0.21
Family History
Hayes, 1995 / Family History of Prostate Cancer
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 3.4 (1.5, 7.5) / 3.1 (1.8, 5.3)
Family History of Prostate Cancer (Risk for Localized Disease Only)
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 3.1 (1.3, 7.5) / 3.2 (1.7, 5.9)
Family History of Breast Cancer
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) / 1.3 (0.8, 2.0)
Family History of Colon Cancer
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.8 (0.8, 3.9) / 1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
Family History of Lung Cancer
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) / 1.3 (0.8, 2.1)
Family History of Uterine Cancer
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.9 (0.4, 2.3) / 2.5 (1.0, 5.9)
Family History of Other Cancer (Includes Lung and Uterine)
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.5)
Whittemore, 1995b / Family History of Prostate Cancer
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 3.2 (2.0, 5.0) / 1.9 (1.2, 2.9)
p (heterogeneity, 3 race groups) / 0.70
Family History of Prostate Cancer
No First- or Second-degree
Relative / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
No First-degree, 1 Second-
degree / 0.72 (0.31, 1.7) / 0.99 (0.41, 2.4)
1 First-degree / 2.6 (1.6, 4.3) / 1.8 (1.2, 2.9)
2 First-degree / 9.6 (2.2, 42.0) / 3.9 (0.80, 19.0)
Cunningham, 2003 / Family History of Prostate Cancer
Compared to National SEER
Data / SIR=1.58 (1.05, 2.29) / SIR=1.64 (1.02, 2.51)
Compared to Atlanta SEER Data / SIR=1.47 (0.97, 2.12) / --
Sanderson, 2004 / Family History of Prostate Cancer
None / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
First-degree Relative / 2.40 (1.28, 4.51) / 2.29 (1.36, 3.85)
Second-degree Relative / 0.90 / 4.44 (p<0.05)
Beebe-Dimmer, 2006 / Family History of Prostate Cancer
Father
No / 1.0 (ref.) / N/A
Yes / 1.71 (0.80, 3.71) / N/A
Brother
No / 1.0 (ref.) / N/A
Yes / 4.80 (2.01, 11.44) / N/A
Son
No / -- / N/A
Yes / -- / N/A
Family History of Breast Cancer / N/A
Mother
No / 1.0 (ref.) / N/A
Yes / 0.52 (0.10, 2.69) / N/A
Sister
No / 1.0 (ref.) / N/A
Yes / 3.80 (1.57, 9.22) / N/A
Daughter
No / 1.0 (ref.) / N/A
Yes / 1.01 (0.19, 5.28) / N/A
Occupation
Yu, 1988 / Occupation
Nonprofessional / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Professional / 1.3 (0.4, 3.8) / 1.8 (1.5, 2.1)
Ross, 1987 / Occupational Exposure to Cadmium
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.3 / 1.0
Krstev, 1998 / Administrative, Managerial / 0.72 (0.43, 1.21) / 1.36 (1.03, 1.79)
Engineers, Surveyors, Architects / 0.84 (0.23, 3.07) / 1.02 (0.65, 1.59)
Natural Scientists, Mathematicians / -- / 0.69 (0.36, 1.33)
Social Scientists, Social and Religious Workers, and Lawyers / 1.64 (0.72, 3.77) / 0.88 (0.47, 1.67)
Teachers, Librarians, Counselors / 0.91 (0.46, 1.79) / 1.03 (0.65, 1.62)
Health Diagnosing, Treating / 0.31 (0.03, 3.00) / 1.07 (0.33, 3.45)
Registered Auxilliary Health Work / 3.00 (0.31, 29.2) / 2.86 (0.25, 32.3)
Writers, Artists, Athletes / 1.39 (0.66, 2.96) / 1.18 (0.70, 2.00
Health Technicians / 1.39 (0.27, 7.06) / 0.62 (0.16, 2.34)
Other Technicians / 1.07 (0.52, 2.17) / 1.20 (0.81, 1.75)
Marketing and Sales / 1.19 (0.82, 1.72) / 1.10 (0.85, 1.41)
Administrative Support / 1.03 (0.77, 1.38) / 1.09 (0.85, 1.40)
Service Occupations / 1.42 (1.11, 1.82) / 1.41 (1.07, 1.85)
Agricultural, Forestry, Fishing / 1.09 (0.82, 1.44) / 0.98 (0.66, 1.44)
Mechanics and Repairers / 0.91 (0.64, 1.28) / 1.30 (0.98, 1.73)
Construction and Extraction / 1.17 (0.84, 1.62) / 1.27 (0.91, 1.78)
Precision Production / 0.66 (0.42, 1.05) / 1.36 (0.98, 1.89)
Plant and System Operators / 4.06 (1.28, 12.8) / 1.46 (0.57, 3.74)
Production Occupations / 0.95 (0.74, 1.23) / 1.13 (0.88, 1.46)
Transportation / 0.89 (0.70, 1.15) / 1.11 (0.83, 1.48)
Other Laborers / 1.37 (1.07, 1.76) / 1.14 (0.87, 1.49)
Military / 1.29 (0.87, 1.90) / 1.04 (0.75, 1.45)
Officials and Administrators, Other / 0.98 (0.45, 2.18) / 1.54 (1.09, 2.17)
Athletes and Related Workers / 6.33 (0.72, 55.40) / 3.73 (0.73, 19.10)
Surveying, Mapping Technicians / -- / --
Marketing, Sales Supervisors / 1.31 (0.65, 2.65) / 1.83 (1.23, 2.74)
Sales Retail Supervisors / 1.60 (0.71, 3.59) / 1.74 (1.11, 2.72)
Business Service Sales / -- / 2.84 (1.03, 7.85)
Business Service, Except Advertising, Sales / -- / 5.15 (1.05, 25.20)
Sales Engineers / -- / 3.28 (1.12, 9.62)
Protective Service / 1.32 (0.81, 2.16) / 1.57 (1.03, 2.41)
Firefighting and Fire Prevention / 2.64 (0.43, 16.20) / 4.75 (1.26, 18.00)
Firefighting / 2.64 (0.43, 16.20) / 4.00 (1.01, 1.86)
Service, Except Private Household and Protective / 1.38 (1.07, 1.77) / 1.37 (1.01, 1.86)
Food and Beverage Preparation / 1.27 (0.93, 1.73) / 1.42 (0.93, 2.16)
Supervisors: Food and Beverage / 2.02 (0.82, 4.97) / 2.46 (1.04, 5.83)
Cleaning, Building, Except Private Household / 1.38 (1.03, 1.86) / 1.44 (0.80, 2.59)
Supervisors: Cleaning, Building / 4.15 (1.10, 15.60) / --
Janitors and Cleaners / 1.38 (1.02, 1.88) / 1.53 (0.79, 2.93)
Personal Service / 2.34 (1.00, 5.45) / 0.85 (0.44, 1.65)
Barbers / 3.87 (1.03, 14.60) / 0.80 (0.18, 3.66)
Farm Operators and Managers / 1.59 (0.90, 2.80) / 1.90 (0.91, 3.95)
General Farmers / 1.97 (0.91, 4.25) / 2.71 (1.00, 7.38)
Livestock Workers / 0.48 (0.15, 1.55) / --
Mechanics and Repairers / 0.90 (0.63, 1.8) / 1.42 (1.06, 1.90)
Electrical and Electronic Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment / -- / 3.76 (1.40, 10.10)
Electronic Repairers, Home Entertainment Equipment / -- / 5.22 (1.06, 25.60)
Brickmasons, Stonemasons, Hard Tile Setters; Helpers / 3.29 (1.34, 8.06) / 1.0 (0.35, 2.86)
Extractive Occupations / 7.15 (0.87, 58.80) / 1.51 (0.51, 6.69)
Plant and System Operators / 4.06 (1.28, 12.8) / 1.46 (0.57, 3.74)
Power Plant Operators / 3.96 (1.05, 14.90) / 1.68 (0.55, 5.08)
Packing, Filling Machine Operators / 3.18 (0.97, 10.40) / --
Grader, Dozer, Scraper Operators / 3.89 (0.73, 20.70) / 5.10 (0.51, 50.80)
Handlers, Equipment Cleaner, and Laborers / 1.45 (1.14, 1.86) / 1.13 (0.86, 1.50)
Freight, Stock, Material Movers, Hand / 1.29 (0.95, 1.73) / 1.33 (0.93, 1.89)
Stock Handlers and Baggers / 1.40 (0.76, 2.59) / 1.50 (0.97, 2.32)
Miscellaneous Manual Occupations / 1.67 (1.08, 2.59) / 0.90 (0.53, 1.54)
General Farmers Primarily Crop / 1.57 (1.09, 2.26) / 1.25 (0.74, 2.11)
Dairy Farms / -- / --
Building Construction, General Contractors / 1.57 (1.08, 2.30) / 0.79 (0.49, 1.28)
General Building Contractors, Residential / 1.85 (1.07, 3.22) / 0.92 (0.46, 1.86)
General Contractors, Single Family Homes / 1.89 (1.05, 3.41) / 1.04 (0.51, 2.12)
Bottled and Canned Soft Drink and Carbonated Waters / 1.36 (0.47, 3.99) / 5.37 (1.09, 26.50)
Paper Mills, Except Building Paper / 0.49 (0.15, 1.63) / 6.30 (1.73, 23.00)
Transportation Equipment / 1.08 (0.78, 1.48) / 1.37 (1.04, 1.81)
Railroad Transportation / 1.83 (1.13, 2.98) / 1.39 (0.73, 2.67)
Railroads / 1.79 (1.09, 2.93) / 1.34 (0.69, 2.58)
Railroads, Line-Haul Operating / 1.69 (1.03, 2.79) / 1.50 (0.77, 2.96)
Trucking, Local and Long Distance / 1.23 (0.76, 2.00) / 0.52 (0.29, 0.94)
Building Materials, Hardware, Garden Supply, and Mobile Home Dealers / 0.67 (0.16, 2.85) / 2.79 (1.09, 7.15)
General Merchandise Stores / 1.46 (0.77, 2.77) / 1.51 (0.92, 2.48)
Variety Stores / 2.31 (0.37, 14.20) / 8.39 (1.00, 70.50)
Furniture, Home Furnishings / 1.10 (0.40, 3.00) / 2.38 (1.12, 5.04)
Eating and Drinking Places / 1.44 (0.98, 2.11) / 1.63 (1.01, 2.63)
Eating Places / 1.47 (0.97, 2.21) / 1.36 (0.80, 2.31)
Drinking Places / 1.59 (0.65, 3.93) / 4.51 (1.23, 16.50)
Direct Selling Establishments / -- / 4.06 (1.08, 15.30)
Banking / 3.44 (0.91, 13.00) / 0.45 (0.21, 0.97)
Amusement and Recreation Services, Except Motion Pictures / 2.30 (1.25, 4.24) / 0.87 (0.49, 1.53)
Membership Organizations / 1.56 (0.71, 3.43) / 2.14 (1.14, 4.02)
Labor Unions / -- / --
Justice, Public Order, and Safety / 1.55 (0.64, 3.74) / 1.79 (0.96, 3.33)
National Security / 1.36 (1.06, 1.74) / 1.45 (1.13, 1.85)
Sanderson, 2004 / Occupation
Management, Professional,
and Related / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Service / 1.10 / 2.64 (0.82, 8.48)
Sales and Office / 1.07 / 0.56
Natural Resources,
Construction, and
Maintenance / 1.04 / 0.98
Production, Transportation,
and Material Moving / 1.18 / 2.04 (1.17, 3.54)
Military / 0.19 (0.05, 0.76) / 0.84
Meyer, 2007 / Farming
Never Farmed / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever Farmed / 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) / 1.8 (1.3, 2.7)
Years of Farming
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
4 / 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) / 1.9 (1.2, 3.0)
5-9 / 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) / 2.1 (1.0, 4.3)
10-20 / 1.2 (0.6, 2.6) / 1.8 (0.7, 4.3)
21-65 / 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) / 1.4 (0.6, 3.1)
p (trend) / 0.84 / 0.53
Recency of Last Farming
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Before 1950 / 1.5 (0.8, 2.9) / 2.9 (1.4, 5.8)
1950-9 / 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) / 1.8 (1.1, 3.0)
1960-79 / 0.9 (0.4, 2.1) / 1.9 (0.6, 6.1)
1980+ / 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) / 0.8 (0.3, 2.3)
p (trend) / 0.14 / 0.05
Mixed/Applied Pesticides
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Never Mixed / 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) / 1.7 (0.8, 3.5)
Ever Mixed / 1.2 (0.8, 2.0) / 1.8 (1.2, 2.7)
Handled Hay, Grain, Silage
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Never / 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) / 2.7 (1.0, 7.2)
Ever / 1.0 (0.7, 1.7) / 1.7 (1.2, 2.6)
Harvested Tobacco
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Never / 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) / 1.8 (1.2, 2.8)
Ever / 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) / 1.8 (1.0, 3.1)
Planted/Picked Crops, Tilled Soil
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Never / 1.6 (0.2, 9.9) / 1.4 (0.4, 4.2)
Ever / 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) / 1.9 (1.3, 2.8)
Picked Cotton
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Never / 2.9 (1.1, 7.3) / 2.1 (1.3, 3.3)
Ever / 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) / 1.6 (1.0, 2.6)
Repaired Pesticide Equipment
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Never / 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) / 1.9 (1.2, 2.8)
Ever / 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) / 1.7 (0.9, 3.1)
Fed Animals, Worked With Poultry/Swine
Non-farmers / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Never / 1.0 (0.4, 2.6) / 2.4 (0.9, 6.1)
Ever / 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) / 1.8 (1.2, 2.6)
Any Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
Ross, 1987 / History of Any Venereal Disease
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.7 (p < 0.05) / 2.3
Patel, 2005 / Any STI History
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) / 0.9 (0.5, 1.8)
p (heterogeneity) / 0.59
Frequency of Any STI
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1 / 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) / 1.0 (0.5, 2.3)
2 / 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) / 1.2 (0.5, 2.5)
3 / 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) / 0.8 (0.3, 1.7)
Huang, 2008 / Total Number of Past Infections
0 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1 / 0.6 (0.1, 3.4) / 1.3 (1.0, 1.6)
2 / 0.9 (0.2, 4.7) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.6)
3 / 1.1 (0.2, 5.8) / 1.7 (1.1, 2.6)
4 / 0.9 (0.2, 4.7) / 0.9 (0.4, 2.2)
p (trend) / 0.6 / 0.1
1 vs. 0 Infections / 0.9 (0.2, 4.5) / 1.3 (1.0, 1.6)
2 vs. 0 or 1 Infections / 1.6 (0.8, 3.2) / 1.1 (0.9, 1.3)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Wideroff, 1996 / Presence of HPV DNA
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.50 (0.14, 15.59) / 1.72 (0.34, 8.76)
p (heterogeneity) / 0.05
Hayes, 2000 / Antibodies to HPV 16
Negative / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Indeterminate / 0.7 (0.1, 3.1) / 0.8 (0.2, 3.3)
Positive / 1.0 (0.3, 2.8) / 1.8 (0.7, 4.9)
Huang, 2008 / Human Papillomavirus Type 16
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) / 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)
Human Papillomavirus Type 18
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.7)
Herpes Virus
Patel, 2005 / Genital Herpes (HSV-1 or HSV-2) History
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / -- / 1.2 (0.3, 5.5)
Jenkins, 2007 / Human Herpesvirus-8 (Lytic IFA)
Negative / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Positive / Study #1: 0.88 (0.35, 2.24) Study#2: 0.56
(0.28, 1.14) / Study #1: 1.08 (0.27, 4.33) Study#2: 0.71
(0.36, 1.43)
Human Herpesvirus-8 (K8.1 ELISA)
Negative / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Positive / Study #1: 0.328 (0.10, 1.11) Study#2: 0.52
(0.10, 2.66) / Study #1: 0.813 (0.17, 4.21) Study#2: 0.76
(0.17, 3.40)
Human Herpesvirus-8 (ORF73 ELISA)
Negative / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Positive / Study #1: 0.43 (0.16, 1.18) Study#2: 0.62
(0.17, 2.20) / Study #1: 0.60 (0.12, 3.03) Study#2: 0.77
(0.13, 4.44)
Huang, 2008 / Herpes Simplex Virus-2
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) / 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)
Human Herpesvirus-8
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.3 (0.1, 1.4) / 1.3 (0.9, 1.7)
Gonorrhea
Hayes, 2000 / History of Gonorrhea
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) / 1.4 (0.7, 2.9)
Frequency of Gonorrhea
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1 / 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) / 1.6 (0.7, 3.7)
2 / 1.7 (0.9, 3.1) / 1.0 (0.2, 5.5)
3 / 3.5 (1.4, 8.3) / --
p (trend) / 0.0003 / 0.45
Age First Had Gonorrhea (Years)
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
<20 / 1.3 (0.8. 2.2) / 5.1 (1.0, 26.8)
20-29 / 2.2 (1.4, 3.4) / 1.3 (0.4, 4.2)
30+ / 1.0 (0.4, 2.3) / 0.8 (0.2, 2.9)
Sanderson, 2004 / History of Gonorrhea
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.20 / 1.62
Patel, 2005 / Gonorrhea History
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) / 1.1 (0.5, 2.5)
Frequency of Gonorrhea
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1 / 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) / 1.5 (0.6, 3.6)
2 / 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) / --
3 / 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) / --
Huang, 2008 / Gonorrhea
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) / 1.4 (0.8, 2.2)
Syphilis
Hayes, 2000 / History of Syphilis
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 2.4 (1.2, 4.9) / 2.8 (0.2, 49.1)
History of Syphilis or Gonorrhea
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Syphilis Only / 1.8 (0.7, 4.7) / --
Gonorrhea Only / 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) / 1.5 (0.7, 3.1)
Both / 3.9 (1.4, 11.0) / --
Syphilis or Gonorrhea / 1.7 (1.2, 2.2) / 1.6 (0.8, 3.2)
Antibodies to Syphilis
Non-reactive / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Minimally Reactive / -- / --
Reactive / 2.2 (1.0, 4.6) / 0.8 (0.2, 3.5)
Sanderson, 2004 / History of Syphilis
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.70 / --
Patel, 2005 / Syphilis History
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 1.3 (0.5, 3.2) / --
Huang, 2008 / Syphilis
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.8 (0.3, 2.4) / 0.4 (0.1, 1.9)
Chancroid
Patel, 2005 / Chancroid History
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 0.2 (0.02, 1.9) / 0.8 (0.05, 13.0)
Chlamydia
Huang, 2008 / Chlamydia trachomatis (IgA)
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 2.1 (1.2, 3.6) / 0.7 (0.4, 1.1)
Chlamydia trachomatis (IgG)
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.6)
Cytomegalovirus
Huang, 2008 / Cytomegalovirus
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) / 1.1 (0.9, 1.3)
"Other" STIs (Does Not Specify)
Patel, 2005 / Other STIs History
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Ever / 1.8 (0.3, 9.6) / 0.7 (0.1, 3.9)
Vasectomy
Hayes, 1993 / Vasectomy
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.6 (0.5, 4.8) / 1.1 (0.8, 1.7)
Age at Vasectomy (Years)
No Vasectomy / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
45 / 2.3 (0.4, 13.0) / 0.9 (0.5, 1.8)
35-44 / 2.2 (0.4, 12.3) / 0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
25-34 / -- / 2.2 (1.0, 4.4)
Years Since Vasectomy
No Vasectomy / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
5-9 / 2.2 (0.4, 12.6) / 0.9 (0.3, 2.6)
10-19 / 1.4 (0.1, 23.4) / 0.9 (0.5, 1.6)
20 / 1.2 (0.2, 6.4) / 1.7 (0.9, 3.3)
John, 1995 / Vasectomy
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Yes / 1.0 (0.59, 1.8) / 0.94 (0.69, 1.3)
p (heterogeneity) / >0.10
Age at Vasectomy (Years)
<40 / 0.71 (0.31, 1.7) / 0.95 (0.63, 1.4)
40 / 1.4 (0.66, 2.9) / 0.92 (0.61, 1.4)
Years Since Vasectomy
<20 / 1.1 (0.43, 2.8) / 1.3 (0.72, 2.4)
20-29 / 0.95 (0.40, 2.2) / 0.77 (0.45, 1.3)
>30 / 1.1 (0.37, 3.3) / 0.91 (0.60, 1.4)
Number of Marriages
Hayes, 2000 / Number of Marriages
1 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Never / 2.2 (1.1, 4.4) / 1.0 (0.5, 2.0)
2 / 1.4 (1.1, 2.0) / 1.2 (0.9, 1.6)
3+ / 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) / 1.8 (1.0, 3.4)
p (trend)(excludes never married) / 0.42 / 0.05
Number of Children
Hayes, 2000 / Number of Children
None / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1 / 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) / 0.9 (0.6, 1.5)
2-3 / 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) / 0.9 (0.6, 1.3)
4-5 / 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) / 0.9 (0.6, 1.3)
6+ / 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) / 1.0 (0.5, 1.7)
p (trend) / 0.26 / 0.72
Age at First Sexual Intercourse
Hayes, 2000 / Age at First Sexual Intercourse
<16 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
16-19 / 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) / 0.8 (0.5, 1.2)
20-24 / 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) / 0.6 (0.4, 1.0)
25-45 / 1.1 (0.2, 4.9) / 0.8 (0.5, 1.3)
p (trend) / 0.34 / 0.27
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse
Hayes, 2000 / Frequency of Sexual Intercourse in 20s
<1 Per Week / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-2 Per Week / 1.0 (0.6, 1.3) / 1.1 (0.7, 1.6)
>2-4 Per Week / 1.5 (1.0, 2.4) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
>4 Per Week / 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) / 0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
Unknown / 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) / 0.5 (0.3, 0.8)
p (trend) / 0.09 / 0.57
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse in 30s
<1 Per Week / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-2 Per Week / 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) / 0.9 (0.5, 1.5)
>2-4 Per Week / 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) / 1.2 (0.7, 2.1)
>4 Per Week / 1.6 (0.9, 2.8) / 1.1 (0.7, 2.0)
Unknown / 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) / 0.5 (0.3, 0.8)
p (trend) / 0.23 / 0.31
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse in 40s
<1 Per Week / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-2 Per Week / 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) / 0.8 (0.5, 1.2)
>2-4 Per Week / 1.9 (1.1, 3.1) / 1.1 (0.7, 1.6)
>4 Per Week / 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) / 1.3 (0.8, 2.2)
Unknown / 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) / 0.4 (0.2, 0.6)
p (trend) / 0.48 / 0.09
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse in 50s
<1 Per Week / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-2 Per Week / 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) / 1.1 (0.8, 1.6)
>2 Per Week / 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) / 1.6 (1.1, 2.4)
Unknown / 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) / 0.5 (0.4, 0.8)
p (trend) / 0.20 / 0.01
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse in 60s
None / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
<1 Per Month / 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) / 0.4 (0.2, 0.7)
<1 Per Week / 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) / 0.5 (0.3, 1.0)
1-2 Per Week / 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) / 0.7 (0.4, 1.1)
>2 Per Week / 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) / 0.5 (0.3, 1.1)
Unknown / 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) / 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)
p (trend) / 0.17 / 0.74
Number of Female Sexual Partners
Hayes, 2000 / Number of Female Sexual Partners
<5 / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
5-9 / 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) / 1.5 (1.1, 2.2)
10-19 / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) / 1.1 (0.7, 1.6)
20-39 / 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) / 1.4 (0.9, 2.2)
40+ / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) / 1.2 (0.7, 2.0)
p (trend) / 0.27 / 0.29
Sexual Intercourse With Prostitutes
Hayes, 2000 / Sexual Encounters with Prostitutes
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
<5 / 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) / 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
5-9 / 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) / 1.3 (0.6, 2.8)
10-19 / 1.8 (0.9, 3.4) / 1.1 (0.6, 2.2)
20-39 / 0.8 (0.3, 1.8) / 1.6 (0.4, 6.5)
40+ / 1.6 (0.7, 3.5) / 4.2 (1.5, 11.9)
p (trend) / 0.27 / 0.004
Condom Use
Hayes, 2000 / Years Used a Condom
Never / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
1-10 / 1.0 (0.7, 1.7) / 1.1 (0.7, 1.9)
11-20 / 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) / 1.8 (1.0, 3.1)
21-30 / 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) / 0.7 (0.4, 1.2)
30+ / 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) / 0.7 (0.4, 1.2)
p (trend) / 0.02 / 0.20
Use of Condoms with Prostitutes
Never Visited Prostitutes / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Usually Used Condoms / 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) / 1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
Level of Sex Hormones
Tsai, 2006 / Total Testosterone(ng/dL)
Quartile 1
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 440.0
Whites: 406.0) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 636.0
Whites: 553.0) / 1.03 (0.54, 1.94) / 0.89 (0.54, 1.47)
Quartile 3
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 785.0
Whites: 684.5) / 1.08 (0.54, 2.24) / 0.99 (0.56, 1.74)
Quartile 4
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 1028.0
Whites: 908.0) / 1.04 (0.43, 2.53) / 1.05 (0.55, 2.00)
p (trend) / 0.91 / 0.80
Total Estradiol (pg/mL)
Quartile 1
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 34.0
Whites: 31.0) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 45.0
Whites: 39.0) / 1.02 (0.55, 1.89) / 1.21 (0.75, 1.95)
Quartile 3
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 54.0
Whites: 46.0) / 0.85 (0.43, 1.70) / 0.94 (0.57, 1.56)
Quartile 4
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 68.0
Whites: 58.0) / 0.76 (0.35, 1.63) / 0.68 (0.37, 1.24)
p (trend) / 0.43 / 0.12
Bioavailable Testosterone (ng/dL)
Quartile 1
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 292.0
Whites: 259.0) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 390.0
Whites: 349.0) / 0.60 (0.32, 1.14) / 1.26 (0.78, 2.04)
Quartile 3
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 468.0
Whites: 422.0) / 0.83 (0.45, 1.52) / 1.01 (0.59, 1.73)
Quartile 4
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 612.0
Whites: 551.0) / 0.82 (0.39, 1.72) / 1.24 (0.70, 2.17)
p (trend) / 0.70 / 0.58
Bioavailable Estradiol (pg/mL)
Quartile 1
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 23.1
Whites: 21.9) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 31.0
Whites: 27.2) / 1.15 (0.63, 2.11) / 1.06 (0.67, 1.70)
Quartile 3
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 37.5
Whites: 32.0) / 1.14 (0.56, 2.32) / 0.78 (0.46, 1.32)
Quartile 4
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 47.0
Whites: 40.4) / 0.73 (0.33, 1.60) / 0.88 (0.51, 1.52)
p (trend) / 0.38 / 0.53
Sex-hormone Binding Globulin (nmol/L)
Quartile 1
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 21.0
Whites: 22.0) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 31.0
Whites: 29.0) / 1.04 (0.53, 2.07) / 0.94 (0.57, 1.55)
Quartile 3
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 38.0
Whites: 37.0) / 1.01 (0.49, 2.09) / 1.29 (0.76, 2.19)
Quartile 4
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 53.0
Whites: 51.0) / 1.28 (0.59, 2.80) / 0.82 (0.45, 1.52)
p (trend) / 0.53 / 0.57
Ratio of Total Testosterone to Total Estradiol
Quartile 1
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 960.0
Whites: 1020.0) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 1244.0
Whites: 1323.0) / 0.95 (0.46, 1.94) / 2.06 (1.17, 3.64)
Quartile 3
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 1576.0
Whites: 1624.0) / 1.50 (0.68, 3.33) / 2.16 (1.14, 4.08)
Quartile 4
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 2141.0
Whites: 2072.0) / 1.23 (0.50, 3.06) / 3.01 (1.42, 6.39)
p (trend) / 0.55 / 0.01
Ratio of Bioavailable Testosterone to Bioavailable Estradiol
Quartile 1
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 823.7
Whites: 882.0) / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Quartile 2
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 1101.8
Whites: 1143.8) / 1.08 (0.55, 2.13) / 2.33 (1.33, 4.09)
Quartile 3
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 1351.9
Whites: 1425.3) / 1.27 (0.58, 2.78) / 2.40 (1.25, 4.60)
Quartile 4
(Quartile Medians:
African Americans: 1880.5
Whites: 1844.3) / 1.04 (0.42, 2.56) / 2.65 (1.25, 5.61)
p (trend) / 0.97 / 0.05
Circumcision
Ross, 1987 / Circumcision
No / 1.0 (ref.) / 1.0 (ref.)
Circumcision All Ages / 0.6 (p < 0.05) / 0.5 (p < 0.05)
Circumcision at Birth / 0.5 (p < 0.05) / 0.7
Circumcision After Birth / 0.9 / 0.4 (p < 0.05)
Note: ref. = referent group, N/A = not applicable, BMI = body mass index,BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia,SIR = standardized incidence ratio,HSV = herpes simplex virus, IFA = immunofluorescenceassay, ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, IgA = immunoglobulin A, IgG = immunoglobulin G. Dashes (--) indicate results could not be calculated due to small numbers or were not provided in original report.