Supplement 2Temporal changes of (a) leaf mass per area (LMA), and (b) maximum velocity of carboxylation at 25 °C (Vcmax(25)), for Betula and Quercus leaves at the Takayama site. Plots denote the observed data in 2003–2007 (Muraoka et al., 2010), and lines denote parameterization of the model simulation. The term of gray hatch is not formulated as functions of the number of days from leaf flush (Nx) but formulated as functions of the number of days from the start date of the reduction of Vcmax(25).

Here LMA contributes to determine leaf area index of the forest canopy in VISIT, and Vcmax(25)contributes to determine the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves. In this study, Vcmax(25) was obtained by the temperature dependency using Arrhenius equations (Harley et al., 1992) to fit the VISIT model. Both LMA and Vcmax(25) were empirically formulated as functions of the number of days (Nx) from the start date of leaf display. LMA was remained constant beyond its maturation in summer, while Vcmax(25) in autumn was formulated as functions of the number of days (Ny) from the start date of the reduction of Vcmax(25), which is estimated on the date when cumulative effective temperature for the end date of leaf fall defined by equation 2 in “Ecophysiological process-based model” sectionfalls -55 °C days.

LMA for B. ermanii (LMAB) from leaf flush to leaf fall was defined as the following equations:

, in case of , (S1)

, in case of and before the end of leaf shedding (S2)

LMA for Q. crispula (LMAQ) from leaf flush to leaf fall was defined as the following equations:

, in case of , (S3)

, in case of , (S4)

, in case of and before the end of leaf shedding (S5)

Vcmax(25) for B. ermanii (Vcmax(25), B) from leaf flush to leaf fall was defined as the following equations:

, in case of , (S6)

, in case of and , (S7)

, in case of and, (S8)

Vcmax(25) for Q. crispula (Vcmax(25), Q) from leaf flush to leaf fall was defined as the following equations:

, in case of , (S9)

, in case of , (S10)

, in case of and , (S11)

, in case of , (S12)

, in case of 24 and, (S13)

References

Harley PC, Thomas RB, Reynolds JF, Strain BR (1992) Modelling photosynthesis of cotton grown in elevated CO2. Plant Cell Environ 15:271-282

Muraoka H, Saigusa N, Nasahara KN, Noda H, Yoshino J, Saitoh TM, Nagai S, Murayama S, Koizumi H (2010) Effects of seasonal and interannual variations in leaf photosynthesis and canopy leaf area index on gross primary production of a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest in Takayama, Japan. J Plant Res 123:563-576

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