Notes and Study Guide / Pre-Civilization and Simple Machines
Vocabulary:
A.D. – Anno Domini or The year of our lord (referring to Jesus Christ)
B.C. – Before Christ
B.C.E. – Before the Common Era = B.C. (Not everyone is Christian)
C.E. – Common Era = A.D.
http://www.funaba.org/calendar-conversion
Pre-history – Past events before writing
History – Past events that are written
Archeologist – study of past artifacts of people and cultures
– archae means ancient in Greek
Artifacts – man made objects – tools, weapons, etc
Anthropologist – study the origins and development of people
Paleontologist – one who studies past geological periods through fossil remains
Historians – rely on written evidence – someone’s interpretation of the events
Geologist – Studies the Earth
Geographer – Studies maps and written records of the Earth – maps, globes, etc.
Theories of Demiurge or Cosmogeny
Creationism – God created man and the earth or universe (Genesis) – The beginning or origin (words like generate or genetics or genealogy)
Scientific / Secular – “Big Bang” and Evolution – Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection – Man evolved from primitive ancestors.
Intelligent Design – A superior being (God or something else) used scientific laws and
principles to create man and the earth or universe.
*Sea of Trolls by Nancy Farmer – Bridge between mythology and science?
Philosophies of History:
Cyclical: History repeats itself in cycles
Linear: History starts at one point and continues on in a chronological timeline.
Providential: God has a hand in the way history plays out.
Progressive: Man continually gets better and better – progressing.
"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”
– George Santayana
Writing – Make a claim - use evidence, backing, warrants – Make a claim about the quote above.
Mainstream History - Mainstream is the common current thought of the majority. Accepted by the majority of practitioners (historians) as the more accurate history.
Fringe History – A fringe theory is an idea or a collection of ideas that departs significantly from the prevailing or mainstream view. It can include work done to the appropriate level of scholarship in a field of study by only supported by a minority of practitioners, to more dubious work.
Pseudo history – (pseudo – false or fake) A pejorative term applied to a type of historical revisionism. It claims to be history, and uses ostensibly-scholarly methods and techniques (which in fact depart from standard historiographical conventions), but is inconsistent with established facts or with common sense and often involves sensational claims whose acceptance would significantly require rewriting accepted history.
Examples - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory
Alternate History – A genre of fiction consisting of stories that are set in worlds in which one or more historical events unfolds differently from how it did in this reality. Changes range from the probable or possible – (It could have happened) to the “Long-Shot, to the X-treme.
Historical Fantasy – Completely fabricated, beyond reality, or real possibilities. Reliant of powers beyond reality – magic, unicorns, fairy dust, and even biblical or mythological elements.
Historical Revisionism - is either the legitimate scholastic re-examination of existing knowledge about a historical event, or the illegitimate distortion of the historical record—if it constitutes the denial of historical crimes—is also sometimes called negationism.
Negationism – Historical Denial or to negate – make null or void of no worth.
Cryptohistory - Sometimes applied to pseudo-historical publications based on occult notions.
Pseudoarchaeology — also known as alternative archaeology, fringe archaeology, fantastic archaeology, or cult archaeology — refers to interpretations of the past from outside of the academic archaeological community, which typically also reject the accepted scientific and analytical methods of the discipline
“Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.” – George Orwell’s 1984
This Party slogan appears twice in the novel, once in Book One, Chapter III, when Winston is thinking about the Party’s control of history and memory, and once in Book Three, Chapter II, when Winston, now a prisoner in the Ministry of Love, talks to O’Brien about the nature of the past. The slogan is an important example of the Party’s technique of using false history to break down the psychological independence of its subjects. Control of the past ensures control of the future, because the past can be treated essentially as a set of conditions that justify or encourage future goals: if the past was idyllic, then people will act to re-create it; if the past was nightmarish, then people will act to prevent such circumstances from recurring. The Party creates a past that was a time of misery and slavery from which it claims to have liberated the human race, thus compelling people to work toward the Party’s goals.
The Party has complete political power in the present, enabling it to control the way in which its subjects think about and interpret the past: every history book reflects Party ideology, and individuals are forbidden from keeping mementos of their own pasts, such as photographs and documents. As a result, the citizens of Oceania have a very short, fuzzy memory, and are willing to believe anything that the Party tells them. In the second appearance of this quote, O’Brien tells Winston that the past has no concrete existence and that it is real only in the minds of human beings. O’Brien is essentially arguing that because the Party’s version of the past is what people believe, that past, though it has no basis in real events, has become the truth.
Writing – Make a claim - use evidence, backing, warrants – Make a claim about the quote above.
The rings first appeared at the top of a letter written by Coubertin. He had drawn the design by hand and coloured them in by hand, perhaps inspired by the two interlaced rings worn by the athletes of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques.
In contrast to the almost obsessive rules that surround the reproduction of the logo today, things were a little more relaxed in the 1920s. When the rings first appeared all five rings were laid out side by side on one level, not separated into two rows of two and three.
Contrary to one persistent myth, there was no ancient Greek inspiration for the logo.
The symbol's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two British authors Lynn and Gray Poole when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s saw the stone and reported in their "History of the Ancient Games" that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem's Stone". This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin.
Popular myth (and an academic article) has it that the rings were inspired by a similar, ancient design found on a stone at Delphi, Greece. This "ancient" design, however, is really just a modern prop.
For the 1936 Summer Games in Berlin, Carl Diem, president of the organizing committee, wanted to relay the Olympic Flame from its lighting point in Olympia to the Olympic stadium in Berlin. Diem, it seems, had a flair for theatrics, and included in the relay a stop at Delphi's ancient stadium for a faux-ancient Greek torchbearers' ceremony complete with a faux-ancient, three-foot-tall stone altar with the modern ring design chiseled into its sides.
After the ceremony, the torch runners went on their way, but no one ever removed the stone from the stadium. Two decades later, British researchers visiting Delphi noticed the ring design on the stone. They concluded that the stone was an ancient altar, and thought the ring design had been used in ancient Greece and now formed "a link between ancient and modern Olympics."
Theories of Government:
Force Theory – strong survival of the fittest
Evolutionary Theory – From family units – clans / tribes
Divine Right – Rule by God’s will
Social Contract – written contract or agreement between government and citizens
Chapter Notes:
I. Paleolithic Time Period: Old Stone Age
* strong man / Alpha male /female leadership of small family group
* reflection of animal life (the wolf pack)
A. Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 million years ago (found a tooth, a lot unknown)
B. (1974) A. afarensis (Lucy) 3.6 – 3.2 million years ago –
Found by Donald Johanson
II. Neanderthals: Neander Valley Germany, originated about 200,000-30,000 years ago
A. Technology
1. Stone Knives, spears, bone tools
2. Hide Cleaning and Food preparation tools
3. Clovis Points
4. Simple Machines: Lever, Pulley, Incline Plane, Wheel and Axle, screw, wedge.
List 2-3 example of each
B. Nomads
1. Small Family Groups 20-30 people
2. followed warm climates and good weather
3. Camped near rivers and lakes
4. Found temporary shelter in camps or caves and cliffs
5. Hunters and Gatherers
6. Opportunistic Hunters – Connection to animal hunting techniques following herds of animals (wolves)
C. Culture and Belief
1. cared for the sick and aged
2. practiced medicine
3. belief in the afterlife
a. burial rights - buried tools and weapons with their dead
4. Animism – belief that all things have a spirit
5. fertility statues – survival of the species
6. El Castillo Cave Paintings – Neanderthal? Or Home Sapien????
7. Cave Paintings - Lascaux Caves - deep in the caves - spiritual rights
III. Homo Sapiens (thinking man)
A. Originated about 100,000-35,000 years ago in Africa
B. Cro-Magnon Man – named after Cro-Magnon Cave in France
1. Hunting and Gathering more advanced
a. hammers, hoes, pincers
b. bone, antler, ivory
c. fish hooks and bone needles
d. stone ax
1. trees for boats and canoes and shelter
e. long distance weapons
1. spear thrower (adle-adle) bows and arrows
*More food, bigger animals/ mastodons, bison
*greater population 15,000 B.C. - 2 million people
IV. Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age – about 10,000 years ago
V. Neolithic Revolution – About 8,000 years ago - Revolution means change – What kind of changes occurred?
Change in Climate
*end of the Ice-Age produces new grasslands
*Biomes – climatic regions with specific plant and animal life for that climate
Major Ice Ages – 2.4 Billion years ago, 850 million years ago, 460 million, 2.5 million years and this last ice-age ended about 11,000 years ago. We are currently in a interglacial period (between ice-ages)
*Global Warming – Greenhouse Effect myth or reality? Cyclical (Natural) or Anthropogenic (Human Caused)
WRITING – Article – Is the Ice Age Coming? -
http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2014/09/22/orig-jag-marquez-confronting-climate-change.cnn.html
http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/8q3nmm/burn-noticed
Global Wobbling – What ended the ice age? Cavemen didn’t drive SUV’s, right?
*Switch from food gathering hunting to food production – farming and agriculture
A. Domestication: taming wild plants and animals for use by man
B. Pottery and Granaries / Food Storage Baskets and Weaving
C. Agriculture
1. Middle East – started 8,000 B.C.
2. China – 5,000 B.C.
3. America – 4,000 B.C.
D. Domestication of Plants
1. Wheat and Barley – Middle East
2. Rice- Southeast Asia
3. Corn , potatoes, beans, squash, tomatoes, chocolate – Americas
4. Bananas, Yams – Africa
E. Selective Breeding – Animals (Belgian Blues = Natural Human Selection)
WRITING – Article – GM Foods and Growth Hormones - What are GM foods? Should man continue to modify plants and their environment? Why? Why not?
Monsanto - AND bGH (Bovine Growth Hormone) - GM Foods VS. Organic
Bill Maher - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csSw3fYnICc
F. Beginning of - class differences – gender roles – division of labor
G. Villages
(More Complex Machines – not the Industrial Revolution, but a start)
H. Plow
I. Fertilizer
J. Weaving loom
What does it mean to be civilized? Describe and give examples.
VI. Civilizations – mostly along rivers, Why? – Egypt, China, Mesopotamia – Different in America – Aztec along a lake Texcoco in Tenochtitlan - Incas in high mountains of Peru
Chinampas – Floating Gardens - Terracing
******The Big Three - * Surplus and storage of food leads to greater population and less migration
* Specialization of Labor
*Monumental Architecture – Pyramids, Temples
*Complex Religions
*Public Works – roads, irrigation, dams, ect.
*Art and Architecture
*Writing – pictographs, hieroglyphics
*Class Systems – Priest, Nobility, Slaves, Workers (pg. 14)
* Cities
*Governments
Vocabulary:
City-States – a political unit that included cities and their surrounding lands and villages
Empires – a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler
Cultural Diffusion – the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies.
BOOK: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies
In this "artful, informative, and delightful" (William H. McNeill, New York Review of Books) book, Jared Diamond convincingly argues that geographical and environmental factors shaped the modern world. Societies that had had a head start in food production advanced beyond the hunter-gatherer stage, and then developed religion --as well as nasty germs and potent weapons of war --and adventured on sea and land to conquer and decimate preliterate cultures. A major advance in our understanding of human societies, Guns, Germs, and Steel chronicles the way that the modern world came to be and stunningly dismantles racially based theories of human history.
What allowed for the birth of civilizations?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs