1.)Distinguish among macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and natural killer cells.

Macrophages – chief phagocytic cells/ wander through body in search of debris/ Kupffer cells

Neutrophils – phagocytize microbes

Mast cells – bind bacteria and ingest them

Eosinophil – weak phagocytic activity/ mostly for parasitic worms

Natural killer cells – lyse and kill virus/cancer cells by releasing perforins and cytokines/ enhance inflammatory response

2.)The main protein mechanism used against cellular antigens is:

  1. Interferon activity
  2. Immunoglobulin defense
  3. Complement fixation
  4. Chemotaxis

3.)Define an antigen. Define self-antigen (MHC) cells (include the classes). How are they similar/different?

Antigen – proteins that aren’t found in the body that provoke immune responses

Self-antigens (MHC) – cells tagged with proteins that let the body know they are “self”

MHC I – all body cells

MHC II – certain immune system cells (B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages)

They both have proteins that tell the body their status, but antigens are not from the body and self-antigens are from the body.

4.)Describe each of the following classes of antibodies or name the class described:

  1. IgM – pentamer released by plasma cells during primary immune response
  1. IgD – monomer attached to surface of B cells; important for B cell activation
  1. IgG – most abundant and diverse in primary and secondary responses; able to cross placenta and induce passive immunity
  2. IgA – Dimer in secretions (saliva, milk) helping prevent attachment of pathogens to mucosal surfaces
  3. IgE – binds to mast cells and basophils; causes histamine release (in response to allergies)

5.)Cell-mediated immune responses occur when antibodies can’t respond to antigens that are intracellular. The cells involved in this response are the __T__ cells. There are 2 major classes of the effector cells (not including memory cells).Name the two classes and describe the function of each.

CD4 cells – helper T cells that orchestrate the immune response

CD8 – cytotoxic T cells that destroy cells with foreign antigens

6.)Autoimmune diseases produce ____autoantibodies__, which destroy (self/foreign) cells. What is the mechanism of autoimmune diseases?

Ineffective lymphocytes (T and B cells) become self-reactive and escape into circulation.

Self-antigens are created via gene mutations.

Infection causes a mutation in self-antigens, causing them to appear foreign.

1.)Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the _alveoli__. It always equalizes with __atmospheric pressure__.

2.)Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the ___pleural cavity__. It is always __less_ than ___intrapulmonary____ pressure and ____atmospheric___ pressure.

3.)Describe what happens to the diaphragm, inspiratory muscles (name them, too), and rib cage during inhalation and exhalation.

Inhalation – diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, rib cage rises

Exhalation – Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, rib cage descends

1.)What is surfactant, what does it do, and what cells make it?

Surfactant is the liquid coating alveolar surfaces. It reduces alveolar surface tension and helps keep alveoli open. Surfactant is produced by Type II alveolar cells.

7.)What is the difference between the pulmonary cavity and the pleural cavity?

Pulmonary cavity holds the lungs.

Pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal membranes (DOES NOT hold lungs)

8.)Surface tension is the attraction of:

  1. Liquid molecules to one another.
  2. Liquid and gas molecules attracted to one another.
  3. Gas molecules to one another.
  4. Alveoli to one another.

9.)Match each of the following:

Henry’s Laweach gas exerts its own partial pressure

Dalton’s Laweach gas dissolves in liquid in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility

Boyle’s Lawgas pressure is inversely proportional to its volume

10.)Define each of the following terms:

  1. Tidal volume (TV) – air moving into and out of lungs in each breath
  1. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) – air that’s forcibly inspired beyond tidal volume
  1. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) – air that’s forcible expired beyond tidal volume
  1. Residual volume (RV) – air left in lungs after forceful expiration
  1. Inspiratory capacity (IC) – total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
  1. Functional residual capacity (FRC) – amount of air remaining in lungs after tidal expiration
  2. Vital capacity (VC) – total amount of exchangeable air
  1. Total lung capacity (TLC) – sum of all lung volumes

11.)Select all of the following that would increase hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen (i.e. what would cause hemoglobin to hold onto oxygen?):

  1. Increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues.
  2. Increase in temperature.
  3. Decreased blood pH.
  4. Decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
  5. Increase in BPG.

12.)Name the three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

Bicarbonate ion in plasma, dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)

13.)The medullary respiratory center controls the __rate_ of breathing. The pons respiratory center controls the __transition__ between inspiration and expiration.

14.)An increase in breathing rate is triggered by:

  1. Increase in oxygen
  2. Increase in carbon dioxide
  3. Decrease in oxygen
  4. Decrease in carbon dioxide

15.)Describe the direction of force each of the following pressures exerts (i.e. out of/into the capsule/glomerulus)

  1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure out of the glomerulus/into the capsule
  2. Colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus out of the capsule/into the glomerulus
  3. Capsular hydrostatic pressure out of the capsule/into the glomerulus
  4. Colloid osmotic pressure in the capsuleout of the glomerulus/into the capsule

16.)What substances are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule? Secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorbed: water and salts

Secreted: drugs

17.)What substances are reabsorbed from the descending limb of the loop of Henle? What exits the ascending limb, and does this cause the medulla to be hypertonic or hypotonic?

Water is reabsorbed from the descending limb. Salts are transported into the medulla from the ascending limb, causing the medulla to be hypertonic.

18.)What is secreted and/or absorbed through the distal convoluted tubule?

Of ions into the tubule

19.)T or F: If the glomerular filtration rate is high, you will have a low clearance of urea because too much waste is staying in the glomerulus. You will have a high clearance of urea.

20.)The liver produces angiotensinogen. Renin, which is secreted by the adrenal glands, changes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. The enzyme ACE changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II. What are some of the effects angiotensin II causes?

Constriction of efferent arterioles, mean arterial pressure rises, stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone (promoting sodium/potassium exchange, conserving sodium AND water), stimulates ADH secretion (conserving water), and stimulates thirst

21.)The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes the (reabsorption/secretion) of water, making (dilute/concentrated) urine, which allows you to urinate (more/less) often.

22.)Micturition is the same as __voiding___, which is the same as __urination___, which means to empty the bladder. What is the main trigger of micturition?

Stretching of the bladder wall