Science, Technology, and a New Way of Thinking

WHAP/Napp

Cues: / Notes:
  1. Inventions
  1. Gunpowder, printing, and the compassthree important inventions that contributed to the breakdown of feudalism in Western Europe
  2. Gunpowder, brought from China, meant end of power of feudal castle and increased ability of the monarch to wage war against feudal barons
  3. Movable type, invented around 1488, put education within the reach of the masses and made the circulation of the Bible possible
  4. Compass, brought from China through Spain, and geographical knowledge gained from Arabs made possible European contact with the Americas
  1. New Way of Thinking
  1. HumanismRenaissance ideaSense of tremendous capacities and potential of every human being replaced the concept of the frail creature in need of God’s grace: humanity became worthy of study in its own right
  2. Dante (1265-1321) wrote his Divine Comedy in Italian (vernacular) rather than in Latin and stressed happiness on earth
  3. Machiavelli wroteThe Prince (1513), secular and pragmatic political treatise”It is better to be feared than lovedpower by any means
  4. Humanism spread into north and central Europe nearly a century after it had begun in Italybecame Christian humanism, blend of secular/religious
  1. The Renaissance
  1. Height of the Renaissance: 1450 to 1559Location: The Italian City-Stateswealth from Mediterranean trade
  2. Key Ideas: Humanism and SecularismKey Artists: Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Raphael, Donatello, BrunelleschiShakespeare in England, Cervantes in Spain, and Montaigne in FranceHumanism/Secularism
  3. Medieval art was almost entirely religiousBut Renaissance art was religious and secular, combining both Christian and humanist elements
  4. Renaissance”rebirth”revival of classical Greek and Roman ideas
  5. Medieval art was flatRenaissance art was realistic and more humanMedieval art didn’t try to be worldly; Renaissance art of this world
  1. Johann Gutenberg
  1. Printing was developed in China during the Song Dynastybut moveable type wasn’t invented in Europe until the mid-1400s, when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press
  2. Priorlong, laborious to create book, expensive books, most did not read
  3. The printing pressBooks became easy to produce and thus were far more affordablemiddle class demand for books printed in vernacular
  1. The Reformation
  1. Medieval Churchunifying forcepowerful forcepope as intermediary

Summaries:
Cues: /
  1. When church needed to finance its immense building projects plus pay for Renaissance artists in its employ, it began to sell indulgences
  2. Indulgencepiece of paper to purchase to reduce time in purgatory
  3. In purgatory, a sinner would expiate or make amends for his sins and then be allowed to enter heaven
  4. Land-owning noblesresentful of church, and its wealth and power
  5. Selling of indulgences propelled the frustration into the ranks of the peasant class and helped set the stage for confrontation
  6. Selling of indulgences suggested the corrupt nature of the church to some
  1. Martin Luther
  1. A professor at the University of WittenbergPosted his Ninety-five Theses directed against the selling of indulgences in 1517
  2. Luther claimed that the source of spiritual authority was not the church but scripture and the individual reader
  3. After Diet of Worms in 1520, Luther refused to recant, excommunicated, and Lutheranism was formed in defiance of the Roman Catholic Church
  4. John Calvin from France led a Protestant group by preaching an ideology of predestinationGod had predetermined ultimate destiny for all people
  5. John Knox founded the Presbyterian church in Scotland but differed little from Calvin in theology
  6. Henry VIII of England broke with Roman church in 1534 because pope refused to allow him to divorce his wifeChurch of England (Anglican)
  1. Different Protestant Denominations but Similarities
  1. All Protestants rejected papal authority and supernatural character of priesthoodreject purgatoryuse vernacularfaith alone
  1. Catholic Counter-Reformation
  1. At the Council of Trent, sitting irregularly in the mid-1500s, the Roman Catholic church was reformed and rejuvenated
  2. Saint Ignatius Loyola founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a monastic order dedicated to active participation in world affairs and missionary activity
  3. The Inquisition was first established in Rome to enforce conformity throughout the Catholic world
  1. Commercial Revolution
  1. Change from a self-sufficient town-centered economy to a capitalistic nation-centered economy
  2. Mercantilism was a direct result of attempts by states to acquire more money through the creation of a favorable balance of trade
  1. The Scientific Revolution
  1. Use of reason, observation, and experimentationProof for Truth
  2. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543): advanced heliocentric or sun-centered universe theory that was mathematically simpler than the geocentric
  3. Galileotelescope to prove Copernicus
  4. Isaac Newton (1642-1727): published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy-all motion could be described by the same mathematical formula
  5. The universe was seen as natural, understandable by natural laws

Summaries:

Questions:

  • Identify and explain what inventions led to the breakdown of feudalism in Western Europe.
  • How did the Renaissance change ideas about humans, art, and society?
  • Why was Gutenberg’s invention “revolutionary”?
  • Discuss the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.
  • How did the Catholic Counter-Reformation combat the rise of Protestantism?
  • Why was the Scientific Revolution “revolutionary”?

  1. Which of the following does NOT belong in a list of Catholic doctrines rejected by Martin Luther?
(A)Papal authority
(B)Granting of indulgences
(C)Monasticism
(D)Priestly celibacy
(E)Acceptance of the Holy Trinity
  1. Which group traces its roots to the Catholic Reformation, sometimes referred to as the Counter-Reformation?
(A)Benedictine monks
(B)Coptic Christians
(C)Jesuits
(D)Liberation theologians
(E)Calvinists
  1. Who is credited with bringing awareness of the heliocentric nature of the solar system into Western civilization?
(A)Aristotle
(B)Galileo
(C)Columbus
(D)Copernicus
(E)Descartes
  1. Which of the following thinkers established the principles of objects in motion and defined the forces of gravity?
(A)Descartes
(B)Rousseau
(C)Newton
(D)Bacon
(E)Galileo /
  1. Where did Luther’s movement first take root?
(A)France
(B)England
(C)Spain
(D)Italy
(E)Germany
  1. Which label best characterizes the Italian Renaissance?
(A)A political movement
(B)A cultural movement
(C)A religious movement
(D)A mass movement
(E)A global movement
  1. Who was associated with the Italian Renaissance?
(A)Plato
(B)Galileo
(C)Niccolo Machiavelli
(D)Pirandello
(E)Vesalius
  1. Who was responsible for the invention of movable type in the West?
(A)Thomas Aquinas
(B)Albrecht Durer
(C)John Harvey
(D)Johannes Gutenberg
(E)Nicolaus Copernicus

Excerpt fromlearner.org

When Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445, he forever changed the lives of people in Europe and, eventually, all over the world. Previously, bookmaking entailed copying all the words and illustrations by hand. Often the copying had been done onto parchment, animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean, smooth, and thin. The labor that went into creating them made each book very expensive. Because Gutenberg's press could produce books quickly and with relatively little effort, bookmaking became much less expensive, allowing more people to buy reading material.

In the Middle Ages, books had been costly and education rare; only the clergy had been regular readers and owners of books. Most books had been written in Latin, considered the language of scholarship. In the Renaissance, the educated middle classes, who could now afford books, demanded works in their own languages. Furthermore, readers wanted a greater variety of books. Almanacs, travel books, chivalry romances, and poetry were all published at this time. Simultaneously, a means of printing music was also invented, making music available at a reasonable cost. As the demand for books grew, the book tradebegan to flourish throughout Europe, and industries related to it, such as papermaking, thrived as well. The result of all of this was a more literate populace and a stronger

Books also helped to spread awareness of a new philosophy that emerged when Renaissance scholars known as humanists returned to the works of ancient writers. Previously, during the Middle Ages, scholars had been guided by the teachings of the church, and people had concerned themselves with actions leading to heavenly rewards. The writings of ancient, pagan Greece and Rome, called the "classics," had been greatly ignored. To study the classics, humanists learned to read Greek and ancient Latin, and they sought out manuscripts that had lain undisturbed for nearly 2,000 years.

The humanists rediscovered writings on scientific matters, government, rhetoric, philosophy, and art. They were influenced by the knowledge of these ancient civilizations and by the emphasis placed on man, his intellect, and his life on Earth.

The new interest in secular life led to beliefs about education and society that came from Greece and Rome. The secular, humanist idea held that the church should not rule civic matters, but should guide only spiritual matters. The church disdained the accumulation of wealth and worldly goods, supported a strong but limited education, and believed that moral and ethical behavior was dictated by scripture. Humanists, however, believed that wealth enabled them to do fine, noble deeds, that good citizens needed a good, well-rounded education (such as that advocated by the Greeks and Romans), and that moral and ethical issues were related more to secular society than to spiritual concerns. The rebirth of classical studies contributed to the development of all forms of art during the Renaissance. Literature was probably the first to show signs of classical influence. The Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374) delighted in studying the works of Cicero and Virgil, two great writers of the Roman age, and he modeled some of his own writings on their works.

Thesis Statement: Change Over Time:Western Europe: 476 – 1750

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