Appendix 1. Summary of patient-reported, parent-reported, and objective outcomes measures administered to patients and parents
Article / Author / Patient-reported outcomes measure(s) / Parent-reported outcomes measure(s) / Domain(s) of surgeon-generated questionnaire, if applicable / Objective outcomes measure(s)Characteristics of Patients with Hypoplastic Thumb:
A Prospective Study of 51 Patients with the Results of
Surgical Treatment [2] / Abdel-Ghani and Amro / None / Surgeon-generated / Satisfaction,
cosmetic appearance / Sensation,
change of grasp pattern,
stability,
degree of thumb abduction,
degree of thumb rotation,
length of the thumb
opposition
A 5-Year Interval Evaluation of Function after Pollicization for Congenital Thumb Aplasia Using Multiple Outcome Measures [3] / Aliu et al. / None / Surgeon-generated / Appearance,
functionality,
social, implications / Grip strength,
key pinch strength,
tripod pinch, strength,
functional dexterity test,
radiographic comparison,
five of the seven subtests of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Test
Children with Surgically Corrected Hand Deformities and Upper Limb Deficiencies: Self-Concept and Psychological Well-Being [4] / Andersson et al. / Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale / None / N/A / None
Duplicate Thumbs: A Survey of Results in Twenty Patients [5] / Andrew and Sykes / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Functional disability,
cosmetic disability / Length,
circumference,
shape,
angulation,
ROM, ligament stability, pinch,
chuck pinch,
power grip,
span grasp
Low Impact of Congenital Hand Differences on Health-Related
Quality of Life [7] / Ardon et al. / PedsQL,
PUFI / None / N/A / None
Psychological Aspects of Toe to Hand Transfer in Children [12] / Bellew and Kay / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / General satisfaction,
appearance of hands,
function of hands,
donor site,
psychosocial well-being,
views of others / None
Toe to Hand Transfer in Children: Ten Year Follow Up of Psychological Aspects [11] / Bellew et al. / Surgeon-generated
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,
Rosenberg Self Esteem Inventory,
Birleson Depression Scale,
State Trait Anxiety Inventory,
Self-Image Profile,
CEQ / Surgeon-generated / General satisfaction,
appearance of hands,
function of hands,
donor site,
psychosocial well-being,
views of others / None
The Psychological Impact of Microvascular Free Toe Transfer for Children and Their Parents [14] / Bradbury et al. / Surgeon-generated
CEQ,
Perceived Competence
Scale / Surgeon-generated
General Health Questionnaire,
Child Behaviour Checklist / Satisfaction with appearance, distress related to hand / Professional panel assessment of appearance and function
Hand Function and Activity Performance
of Children with Longitudinal Radial Deficiency [15] / Buffart et al. / None / PUFI / N/A / Grip strength,
pinch strength,
ROM,
assisting hand assessment
Outcome of Index Finger Pollicisation for the Congenital Absent or Severely Hypoplastic Thumb [16] / Ceulemans et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Function (ADLs, writing, preferential use), appearance,
visual analog scale for satisfaction / Thumb length,
thumb girth,
nail size,
Percival et al. Functional Assessment,
surgeon visual analog scale for satisfaction
Pollicisation of the Index Finger: A 27 Year Follow-up Study [19] / Clark et al. / Surgeon-generated / None / Cosmetic result,
satisfaction,
surgery again,
strangers notice hand,
activities limited
job / Percival hand score,
grip,
thumb-key strength,
tip-pinch strength,
use of thumb
Outcome after Pollicization: Comparison of Patients with Mild and Severe Longitudinal Radial Deficiency [21] / de Kraker et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Visual analog scale for function and appearance / ROM, strength,
sensibility
Comparison of Functional Outcome Scores in Radial Polydactyly [22] / Dijkman et al. / Surgeon-generated ABILHAND Kids Questionnaire,
modified PUFI / Surgeon-generated / Visual analog scale for appearance and function / Tada score,
Ogino et al.,
Larsen and Nicolai,
Horii et al.,
ALURRA [alignment, ulnar and radial stability, ROM, and aesthetical aspects],
Cheng et al.,
JSSH [Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand],
Wood,
Dobyns et al.,
Tuch et al.,
joint motion,
joint stability,
alignment,
tip strength,
tripod strength,
key pinch strength,
thumb length,
thumb girth,
pulp circumference,
nail width
Perception of the Esthetic and Functional Outcomes
of Duplicate Thumb Reconstruction [23] / Do et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Appearance and function / Thumb length,
thumb diameter,
angular deformity,
surgical scars,
ROM,
opposition,
radiographic evaluation,
complications
Hand Function in Adults with Radial
Longitudinal Deficiency [26] / Ekblom et al. / Surgeon-generated Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey,
QuickDASH / None / Appearance / Active motion.
Vilkki severity, grading for radial
dysplasia,
Vilkki severity
grading for radial dysplasia (modified hand),
radial deviation of the wrist,
grip strength,
key pinch strength,
body length,
sensibility,
radiographs,
Sollerman test on hand function,
box and block test of manual dexterity
Radial Polydactyly: An Outcome Study [31] / Ganley and Lubahn / Surgeon-generated / None / Overall satisfaction,
appearance / None
Objective Features and Aesthetic Outcome of Pollicized Digits Compared With Normal Thumbs [34] / Goldfarb et al. / None / Surgeon-generated / Visual analog scale for appearance with subjective reasons for lower scores / Thumb length,
thumb girth,
nail width,
angulation,
eponychial fold,
surgeon and therapist visual analog scale for appearance
Thumb Size and Appearance Following Reconstruction of Radial Polydactyly [37] / Goldfarb et al. / None / Surgeon-generated / Visual analog scale for appearance with subjective reasons for lower scores / Thumb length,
thumb girth,
nail width,
angulation,
eponychial fold,
surgeon and therapist visual analog scale for appearance
Central Ray Deficiency: Subjective and Objective Outcome of Cleft Reconstruction [33] / Goldfarb et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Visual analog scale for appearance,
visual analog scale for function,
visual analog scale for pain / Surgeon visual analog scale for appearance,
ROM,
radiographic evaluation
Complex Syndactyly: Aesthetic and Objective Outcomes [38] / Goldfarb et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Visual analog scale for appearance,
visual analog scale for function,
visual analog scale for pain / Vancouver scar scale,
web creep,
ROM,
deformity angles,
grip strength,
pinch strength,
surgeon visual analog scale for appearance
Functional Outcome After Centralization for Radius Dysplasia [35] / Goldfarb et al. / Surgeon-generated
DASH / None / Visual analog scale for pain, visual analog scale for appearance / Resting wrist angle,
arc of wrist flexion-extension,
total active motion,
grip strength,
pinch strength,
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Test
Macrodactyly–Options and Outcomes [41] / Hardwicke et al. / Surgeon-generated (Reach Out questionnaire),
DASH / Surgeon-generated (Reach Out questionnaire)
DASH / Function
activity limitation,
activity participation,
satisfaction,
appearance,
expectations,
attitudes / None
Long-term Functional Outcome of Patients with Longitudinal Radial Deficiency: Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Function, Activity and Participation [43] / Holtslag et al. / Surgeon-generated
Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire / None / Visual analog scale for appearance,
influence
on mood and social life and opinion on surgical
interventions regarding function
and aesthetics / Power grip,
pinch grip,
ROM,
sequential occupational dexterity assessment
Outcome Measures of Microsurgical Toe Transfers for Reconstruction of Congenital and Traumatic Hand Anomalies [44] / Kaplan and Jones / Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument / Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument / N/A / None
Toe to Hand Transfer in Children Part 2: Functional and Psychological Aspects [45] / Kay and Wiberg / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Appearance of hands,
appearance of feet,
function of hands,
function of feet,
psychosocial function / ROM,
fine grip,
small grip,
large grip,
twist,
sensory recovery,
donor site assessment
Pre-axial Polydactyly: Outcome of the Surgical Treatment [46] / Kemnitz and De / None / Surgeon-generated / Appearance,
function / Length,
diameter,
grip strength,
pinch strength,
ROM,
stability,
alignment,
appearance of nail and pulp
Comparison of Surgical Treatment
and Nonoperative Management for
Radial Longitudinal Deficiency [48] / Kotwal et al. / Surgeon-generated PUFI / Surgeon-generated PUFI / Visual analog scale for pain and aesthetic appearance / Hand-forearm angle,
hand-forearm position,
wrist and long finger ROM,
grip strength
Long-Term Follow-Up of Surgical Treatment for Thumb Duplication [50] / Larsen and Nicolai / Surgeon-generated / None / Visual analog scale for appearance,
visual analog scale for function / Tada criteria for thumb pinch, strength,
ROM,
joint stability,
alignment
Long-Term Outcomes of Web Creep, Scar Quality, and Function After Simple Syndactyly Surgical Treatment [52] / Lumenta et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Visual analog scale for appearance,
visual analog scale for function,
assessment of complications, assessment of impairment / Grading of web creep,
Vancouver scar scale,
complications,
ROM,
degree of finger abduction,
power,
2-point discrimination
The Preliminary Outcome of Syndactyly Management in
Children with a New External Separation Device [56] / Mei et al. / None / Surgeon-generated / Visual analog scale described by Goldfarb et al. / Scar quality,
web creep,
range of
active motion,
digits’ deformity,
Vancouver Scale,
digital rotation,
angulation,
surgeon visual analog scale described by Goldfarb et al.
Functional Outcomes of Children With Index
Pollicizations for Thumb Deficiency [58] / Netscher et al. / None / Surgeon-generated / Appearance,
social interaction
task, performance,
function / Radiographic evaluation,
pinch and grip strength,
functional dexterity test,
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Test,
ROM
Long-term Results of Surgical Treatment of Thumb Polydactyly [62] / Ogino et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Appearance,
function / ROM,
joint stability,
alignment,
modified Tada criteria
Factors Affecting Surgical Results of Wassel Type IV Thumb Duplications [64] / Patel et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Appearance,
function / Alignment,
deviation,
laxity,
ROM,
pinch and grip strength,
contour,
scar,
pulp size and shape,
nail size and shape,
radiographic assessment
Functional Assessment After Pollicisation [66] / Roper and Turnbull / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Satisfaction with appearance / Axial rotation,
sensation,
ROM,
power grip,
pinch grip
Functional Outcome for Children with Thumb Aplasia Undergoing Pollicization [71] / Staines et al. / None / Surgeon-generated / Appearance,
function,
social interactions / Radiographic evaluation,
ROM,
pinch and grip, strength,
functional dexterity test,
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Test
Long-Term Outcomes Following Radial
Polydactyly Reconstruction [72] / Stutz et al. / PedsQL,
DASH / PedsQL / N/A / Tada score,
lateral pinch,
tripod pinch,
tip pinch,
grip strength
Comparative Study of Outcomes between
Pollicization and Microsurgical Second Toe-
Metatarsal Bone Transfer for Congenital Radial
Deficiency with Hypoplastic Thumb [73] / Tan and Tu / None / Surgeon-generated / Satisfaction / Success rate,
operative time,
ROM,
small/large grip,
pencil holding,
twist,
sensory recovery
The Results of Pollicization for Congenital Thumb Hypoplasia [76] / Tonkin et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Dominant hand
pencil grip,
assistive technology and aids,
ADL
function,
appearance / ROM,
grip and pinch, strength,
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Test
Outcome Analysis, Including Patient and Parental Satisfaction, Regarding Nonvascularized Free Toe Phalanx Transfer in Congenital Hand Deformities [77] / Unglaub et al. / None / Surgeon-generated / Function,
skillfulness,
appearance,
self-confidence,
whether it was worthwhile to undergo operation,
donor site / Growth behavior of graft,
epiphyseal plate
dislocation,
donor-site problems,
ROM,
complications
Index Finger Pollicization in the Treatment of Congenitally
Deficient Thumb [78] / Vekris et al. / None / Surgeon-generated / Satisfaction with outcome / ROM,
grasp strength,
pinch strength,
ability to perform daily activities,
sensation,
Percival et al. assessment of appearance
Thumb Polydactyly: Clinical Outcome After
Reconstruction [80] / Yen et al. / Surgeon-generated / Surgeon-generated / Scar,
satisfaction with cosmetic result / Tada score,
nail width,
cosmetic acceptability,
grip strength,
tip and chuck pinch,
first web, contracture and bone growth,
growth potential,
instability,
deformity,
stiffness
Developing a Pollicization Outcomes Measure [82] / Zlotolow et al. / None / Surgeon-Generated / Visual analog scale for frequency of use in pinch and grip and reminding child to use digit / Surgeon visual analog scale for appearance and function
DASH = Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; PUFI = Prosthetic Upper Extremity Functional Index; CEQ = Childhood Experience Questionnaire; PedsQL = Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory; N/A = not applicable; ADLs = activities of daily living.