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11.2 Students analyze the relationship among the rise of industrialization, large-scale rural-to-urban migration, and massive immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
1. Know the effects of industrialization on living and working conditions, including the portrayal of working conditions and food safety in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.
- Describe the changing landscape, including the growth of cities linked by industry and trade, and the development of cities divided according to race, ethnicity, and class.
- Trace the effect of the Americanization movement.
- Analyze the effect of urban political machines and responses to them by immigrants and middle-class reformers.
- Discuss corporate mergers that produced trusts and cartels and the economic and political policies of industrial leaders.
- Trace the economic development of the United States and its emergence as a major industrial power, including its gains from trade and the advantages of its physical geography.
- Analyze the similarities and differences between the ideologies of Social Darwinism and Social Gospel (e.g., using biographies of William Graham Sumner, Billy Sunday, Dwight L. Moody).
- Examine the effect of political programs and activities of Populists.
- Understand the effect of political programs and activities of the Progressives (e.g., federal regulation of railroad transport, Children's Bureau, the Sixteenth Amendment, Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson).
US History Immigration/Industrial Revolution 1840-1970s’
Questions to be answered:
Immigration
Why did people come to the United States in the 19th Century?
What factors pulled people to the US?
What factors pushed people to the US?
Where did people come from? Phase 1, 2, 3, 4…
Describe the four waves of immigration to the US.
Compare and contrast earlier Immigration with Later Immigration.
What is similar?
What is different?
How were immigrants received in the United States?
How did immigrants adapt and build communities in the US?
What effects did large scale immigration bring to the United States? (cities, corruption, organized labor…)
Industrialization or the Industrial Revolution
What do industry, industrialized, industrial, industrious, industrialization mean?
What does Adam Smith have to do with industrialization?
Define: Capital, Capitalism, Capitalist
What do we mean by the expression “Industrial Revolution?”
Where did it take place?
What people or groups were involved?
Entrepreneurs/Industrialists
Inventors/Scientists/Engineers
Labor
Investors
Politicians
Consumers
Why did Industry develop in the United States?
What elements are necessary for Industry to develop?(Energy production, transportation,)
How does industry affect the economy of an area?
What are the positive aspects of Industrialization?
What are the negative aspects of Industrialization?
What are some of the new products of the industrial revolution?
What did Karl Marx do as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
Define: Marxism, Socialism, Communism
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the workers?
How did the workers react to the Industrial Revolution?
What are Unions and how did they develop?
What were the earliest powerful unions in the United States?
Describe the life of an average worker.
Terms and People to Know
Three Phases of Immigration
1800-1860
1860-1920
1950-1980
Old Immigrants 1800-1860
Irish Immigration
Push Factors
Pull Factors
New Immigrants 1860-1920
Italian Immigration
Nativism
Xenophobia
Chinese Exclusion Act
Cottage Industry / Adam Smith
Capital, Capitalism, Capitalists
Entrepreneur
Captains of Industry or Robber Barons:
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie
J.P. Morgan
Vanderbilt
Investors
Raw Materials
Technology
Thomas Edison
Energy
Mass Production
Corporations/Trusts/Monopolies
Unions, AFL CIO, Knights of Labor, United Mine Workers
New Products
Growth of Cities
Political Corruption
Political Machine
Tammany Hall
Exploitation of the Workers
Karl Marx
Communism, Communist, Socialism
Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
"Workers of the world unite!"
Immigration: The United States is a nation of immigrants. By 1860 1/4 of population was born in another country.
Immigration to the United States occurs in waves.
The First Wave of Immigrants: 1820-1860-
Irish- 2 million
German- 1.5 million
British- 750,000
1825- 10,000 immigrants
1845- 100,000 per year
1854- 428,000
1849 Chinese begin to come because of Gold Rush
Took menial jobs- cook, laundrymen, farm workers, domestic servants
1860 about 35,000 in California
6000 per year later more
Why did/ do immigrants come to the United States?
There are many reasons.
Some came because of political reasons; they were trying to find freedom.
v Others came for economic reasons, they were trying to find- jobs, land, $, opportunity.
Push FactorsFactors that pushed immigrants out of their native lands to America:
· Poverty-
· Lack of Economic Opportunity
· Political Repression - No freedom
· Ethnic conflict-
· War- conscription
· No jobs
· No hope of a future
· Famine/ starvation/drought / Pull Factors
Factors that pulled immigrants out of their native lands to America:
· Economic Opportunity
Jobs/ workers were needed
Land
$
A future of land ownership
· Peace and stability
· Freedom to make a better life
Irish Potato Famine 1846-1851
August 1845 the Irish potato crop was blighted or stricken with a disease.
The disease ruined the main source of nutrition for the population.
Famine, starvation, and disease killed much of the population.
While the poor of Ireland starved British land owners and merchants made money.
1845- 25 million bushels if grain was shipped out.
1846-50 3 million live animals were exported
1847 1.3 million gallons of grain derived alcohol was exported.
1845-1860 the population of Ireland was reduced by 1/3.
1845 population = 8.2 million
1860- Pop = 5.8 million
1920- Pop = 4.2 million
1 million died from starvation and disease.
2 million left to America
1860-1926 4 million more went to the US.
Second Wave of Immigration 1870-1914 25 million European Immigrants
1870- 1 in 7 were Irish Immigrants (New York)
Southern and Eastern Europe
Italians 3.6 million come.
Greeks
Russian (Jews)
Turks
Polish
Serbian
1880- 457,000 Immigrants landed in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans
Most were unskilled:
· Worked in Factories
· Construction
· Docks
· Warehouses
· Domestic Servants
How were/are Immigrants received in the United States? Or
How did/do people react to immigrants coming to America?
Whenever a new group enters into an established community tension is caused and a pattern of development can be seen.
Examples:
1. The Established groups of British and Germans did not like the new Irish.
Irish where different:
Language- Irish
Religion Roman Catholic
Culture different from British
Lifestyles-
They were looked down upon and discriminated against. See cartoons.
Xenophobia- anti foreigner attitudes
Nativism- The idea of blaming immigrants for problems.
Established groups blamed the new groups for problems:
Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply”
Crime
Immorality- alcohol abuse
Catholics- not loyal to America
Dirty-
Inferior, Damaging to the United States
2. The “New” group usually congregates together and forms an almost isolated community and institutions in the giant and growing cities of America.
The Irish came together in great neighborhoods and sections of all Eastern Cities.
They formed their own political groups and parties.
They used their large numbers to build powerful political groups that dominated some large Cities and industries in those cities.
Example: Police and Firemen in New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia.
They set up:
Churches, Hospitals, Welfare Organizations, Schools, Social Clubs, Political Organizations
They helped each other in exchange for loyalty during the voting season.
Jobs, security,
Political Machine:
The best example of ethnic group organization was called the Political Machine.
This was an organization of political and community leaders that manipulated democracy for material gain. Leaders of an ethnic community would use their influence to raid (steal) public funds = graft and offer rewards to loyal community members (jobs, help with problems like arrests, poverty, charity).
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall of New York City, were infamous for their political strength and corruption. They were reputed to have stolen millions in public funds.
Nativism and the Chinese:
Immigration is seen as positive until the economy declines.
Then immigrants are blamed for economic problems
Chinese were blamed in California-
Crime
Taking American jobs
Caused riots and attacks especially in San Francisco
Anti-Chinese feelings lead to the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 (First anti-immigrant law passed ) Forbade Chinese to come to the United States
Later the Japanese will also be rejected by Nativists and this will lead to the Gentleman’s Agreement 1907-08 (voluntary agreement by the government of Japan to stop unskilled immigration to the United States)
Immigration causes Urbanization:
Population moves from country to the city= Rural to Urban Migration
1790s --à 6 cities with 8000 people or more= Philadelphia = 42,000.
1860s à 141 cities with 8000 people or more
1890-à 448 cities with 8000 people ore more
1910-à 778 cities with 8000 people ore more
1900 à 26 cities had 100,000 plus population
Largest in size:
1. New York = 4.8 million
2. Chicago = 1860- 100,000 (1900- 2.2 million)
3. Philadelphia = 1.2 million