Table 4.3 -Internal Strategies to Improve Memory

Table 4.3 -Internal strategies to improve memory

Repetition and rehearsal / Repeating and practicing recall of information, e.g. through self-talk, can improve the likelihood of information being successfully processed by working memory and then encoded for longer-term recall.
Create a visual cue / Pairing a verbal task with a visual image can improve verbal retention as it allows information to be encoded in both a visual and verbal form. This enhances the memory trace and increases the likelihood of later retrieval. The more bizarre and exaggerated the image, the easier it will be to remember. For example, if remembering to pay a water bill, think of white-water rafting to the bank!
Mnemonics / Learning cues or mnemonics can be a useful method of condensing information for later recall and can appear less overwhelming for someone with ADHD. For example, S.T.O.P. = sausages, tomatoes, oranges, potatoes
Spaced retrieval / Memory research has shown that gradually increasing the time span between retrieval times increases the likelihood of it being retrieved in the future, and thus improves storage through reinforcement of a memory trace (Ebbinghaus, 1885). Information should be rehearsed with increasingly longer gaps e.g. 5 minutes, 30 minutes, an hour, next day etc. Performing this exercise throughout a session and beyond can allow someone with ADHD to improve their self-efficacy.
Problem solving / A good method for finding lost or mislaid possessions is to mentally retrace steps in a systematic way. This can be done by asking the client a sequence of questions such as 'when did I last have my keys?' 'where did I go when I got in?' or 'where would I put that key now?'
Keeping calm / High emotional arousal and feelings of stress can exacerbate both attention and memory functioning. Therefore it is important to encourage the client to reduce anxiety and anger before attempting any recall. See the Anxiety Module (Chapter 9) and Frustration and Anger Module (Chapter 10) for specific strategies, including relaxation techniques.