Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Scientific Revolution
A Study Guide
The Renaissance in Italy (Ch. 13-1)
Terms, People, and Places
Humanism
Humanities
Patron(age)
Perspective
Petrarch
Florence
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael
Niccolo Machiavelli
Concepts
· General definition of the Renaissance
o What and when
· Why did it start when and where it did?
o Why was Italy so much wealthier than other areas of Europe?
o How did the Black Plague determine that Italy would be the first area to recover?
o What was the impact of the Roman ruins of the start of the main question above?
o How did the fall of Constantinople influence the beginning of the Renaissance?
· The major ides of the Italian Renaissance
o Humanism
§ General definition and focus
§ Renaissance Man
The Renaissance in the North (13-2)
Terms, People, and Places
Johann Gutenberg
Flanders
Albrecht Durer
Vernacular
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
Utopian
William Shakespeare
Concepts
· What were the impacts of the printing press?
· How was the Northern Renaissance different than the Italian one?
o Conditions in Northern Europe compared to Italy
o The impact of Christianity
o The different focus of Northern Humanists
§ Social reform
§ How did this lay the foundations for the Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation (13-3 and 13-4)
Terms, People, and Places
Indulgences
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Predestination
Theocracy
Catholic
95 Theses
Peace of Augsburg
Sect
Henry VIII
Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyala
Concepts
· General Definition
· Why did it start when and where it did?
o Events that led to a decline in people’s absolute respect for the Church
o How did the recovery of Europe’s economy contribute to the start of the Reformation?
o How role did taxes and church offerings play in the beginning of the Reformation?
o In what ways did the ideas of Northern Humanism contribute to the start of the Protestant Reformation?
o What was the role of the Gutenberg printing press in the Reformation?
· What were the basic differences between Martin Luther’s understanding of Christianity and the Catholic Church’s?
o What were the implications of these differences for politics in Europe?
o How could these differences be seen as the beginning of the ideas of the American Constitution?
· What were the ideas of John Calvin?
· What were the ideas of the Anabaptists?
· Under what circumstances was the Anglican Church (the Church of England) founded?
· What was the Church’s reaction to the Protestant Reformation?
o What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?
o What were the ideas of the Jesuits?
Scientific Revolution(13-5)
Terms, People and Places
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Scientific method
Isaac Newton
Concepts
· How did the new discoveries of this age change the way people looked at the universe?
· What was the Church’s reaction to the discoveries of Galileo? Why?
· How did the ideas of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes contribute to the advance of scientific investigation?
THE REALLY BIG IDEA
· Think about how Europeans organized their world (politically and religiously) before this time period.
· Think about how Europeans viewed themselves and their relationship to the universe and in life before this time period.
· Now think about the same things only for after these three great movements...
o How is it different?
o How did it happen?
o How are we inheritors of this change?