Appendix 1 Scientific names and synonyms, preferred common name of the Citrus spp. cited in the text
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle -> Citrus × aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: Lime
SYNONYM(S) Citrus acida Roxb., Citrus aurantium L. ssp. aurantiifolia Guillaumin, Citrus excelsa Wester, Citrus hystrix DC. ssp. acida (Roxb.) Engl., Citrus javanica Blume, Citrus lima Lunan, Citrus limetta auct., non Risso, Citrus limetta Risso var. aromatica Wester, Citrus limonellus Hassk., Citrus medica L. ssp. acida (Roxb.) Engl., Citrus medica L. var. acida Hook.f., Citrus notissima Blanco, Citrus spinosissima Meyer, Limonia acidissima Houtt., Limonia aurantiifolia Christm.
Citrus aurantium L. -> Citrus × aurantium L.: Sour orange
SYNONYM(S): Citrus amara Link, Citrus aurantium L. ssp. amara (L.) Engl., Citrus aurantium L. ssp. aurantium, Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl., Citrus bigarradia Loisel., Citrus florida Salisb., Citrus vulgaris Risso
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. -> Citrus × limon (L.) Burm. f.: Lemon
SYNONYM(S): Citrus medica L. ssp. limon L., Citrus limonum Risso, Citrus limonum Risso. var. vulgaris Risso. & Poit., Citrus medica L. ssp. limonum (Risso). Wight et Amott. var. vulgaris Engl., Citrus medica L. var. limon L., Citrus medica L. var. limonum Hook. f., Citrus medica L. var. limonum Risso., Limon vulgaris Mill.
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. = Citrus maxima (Burm.) Osbeck: Pomelo
SYNONYM(S): Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck, Citrus decumana Murr. non L., Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck var. grandis, Aurantium maximum Burm., Citrus aurantium L. var. grandis L., Citrus decumana L. nom. illeg.
Citrus medica L.: Citron
SYNONYM(S): Citrus aurantium L. var. medica Wight & Arnott, Citrus cedra Link, Citrus cedratus Raf., Citrus crassa Hassk., Citrus fragrans Salisb., Citrus medica L. var. cedrata Risso, Citrus medica L. var. medica, Citrus odorata Roussel, Citrus tuberose Mill.
Citrus x paradisi Macfad.: Common grapefruit
SYNONYM(S): Citrus paradisi Macf., Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck var. racemosa (Roem.) B. C. Stone, Citrus decumana L.
Citrus reticulata Blanco: Common mandarin
SYNONYM(S): Sinocitrus reticulata (Blanco) Tseng, Citrus nobilis Andrews, non Lour. nom. illeg.
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck = Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck: Sweet orange
SYNONYM(S): Citrus aurantium L. var. sinensis L., Aurantium sinense (L.) Mill., Citrus aurantium L. ssp. sinensis (L.) P. Fourn., Citrus aurantium L. Sweet Orange Group, Citrus macracantha Hassk.
Source: MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au
Appendix 2 List of the archaeobotanical occurrences of Citrus spp. (seeds, wood and pollen)
Species / Dating / Localization / Site / Nature/number of the remains / Preservation / ReferencesCitrus x limon / 1900 – 1400 B.C. / India (Punjab) / Sanghol / seeds / not indicated / Saraswat and Chanchala 1997
Citrus sp. / 1400 – 1300 B.C. / India (Karnataka) / Sanganakallu / wood charcoal / Asouti and Fuller 2008
Citrus sp. / 1200 B.C. / Cyprus / Hala Sultan Tekke / seed / mineralised? / Hjelmqvist 1979
Citrus sp. / 896-657 cal B.C. / Italy (Campania) / Cumes / pollen grain () / Coubray et al. 2010
Citrus sp. / 575-565 B.C. / Italy (Sardinia) / Monte Siraï / chemical residues / Garnier forthcoming
Citrus sp. / 4th C. B.C. / Tunisia / Carthago / pollen grain / Van Zeist et al. 2001
cf. C. medica / 1st C. A.D. / Egypt / Quseir al Qadim / seed (1) / dessicated / Van der Veen 2011
cf. C. medica / 3rd C. A.D. / Egypt / Quseir al Qadim / seeds (7) / dessicated / Van der Veen 2011
Citrus sp. / 1st C. A.D. / Egypt / Quseir al Qadim / seed (3) / dessicated / Van der Veen 2011
Citrus sp. / 3rd C. A.D. / Egypt / Quseir al Qadim / seed (1) / dessicated / Van der Veen 2011
C. cf. medica / 2nd C. A.D. / Egypt / Mons Porphyrites / seeds (11) / dessicated / Van der Veen and Tabinor 2007
C. medica / 2nd C. A.D. / Egypt / Mons Claudianus / seeds and fruit (1) / dessicated / Van der Veen 2001; Van der Veen and Hamilton-Dyer 1998
C. medica / 3rd 4th C. A.D. / Egypt / Kellis, Dakhleh / seeds / not indicated / Thanheiser et al. 2002
C. x limon or C. medica. / Roman time / Italy (Campania) / Lake Averno / pollen grains (6) / Grüger et al. 2002
Citrus sp. / - / Italy (Campania) / Pompeii / pollen grains (-) / Mariotti Lippi 2000
Citrus sp. / - / Italy (Campania) / Oplontis / wood / Hueber cited by Jashemski et al. 2002, 102
Citrus sp. / 1st half 2nd C. B.C. / Italy (Campania) / Pompeii / seed (1) / mineralised / Ciaraldi 2007
Citrus sp. / 2nd half 2nd C. B.C. / Italy (Campania) / Pompeii / seed (1) / mineralised / Ciaraldi 2007
New discoveries
C. sp. medica / 3rd-2nd C. B.C. / Italy (Campania) / Pompeii / seed (5) / mineralised / Fiorentino and Marinò 2008
Citrus sp. / 3rd-2nd C. B.C. / Italy (Campania) / Pompeii / seed (1) / carbonized / Fiorentino and Marinò 2008
C. cf. x limon / 120 B.C. - 90 A.D. / Italy (Latium) / Rome / seeds (13), rind frag. (1) / uncharred / Celant (in this paper)
References
Asouti E, Fuller DQ (2008) Trees and Woodlands of South India. Archaeological Perspectives. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California
Ciaraldi M (2007) People and plants in ancient Pompeii: a new approach to urbanism from the microscope room. The use of plant resources at Pompeii and in the Pompeian area from the 6th century BC to AD 79. Specialist Studies on Italy 12, Accordia Research Institute, London
Coubray S, Zech-Matterne V, Mazurier A (2010) The earliest remains of a Citrus fruit from a western Mediterranean archaeological context? A microtomographic-based re-assessment. Comptes-rendus Palevol 9, 2010-6/7:277-282
Fiorentino G, Marinò G (2008) Analisi archeobotaniche preliminari al Tempio di Venere di Pompei. In: Guzzo PG, Guidobaldi MP (eds) Nuove ricerche archeologiche nell’area vesuviana (scavi 2003-2006). Atti del Convegno Internazionale, Roma 1-3 febbraio 2007. L’Erma di Bretschneider, Roma
Grüger E, Thulin B, Müller J, Schneider J, Alefs J, Welter-Schultes FW (2002) Environmental changes in and around Lake Avernus in Greek and Roman times: A study of the plant and animal remains preserved in the lake’s sediment. In: Jashemski W, Meyer FG (eds) The natural history of Pompeii. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 240-273
Hjelmqvist H (1979) Some economics plants and weeds from the Bronze Age of Cyprus, Stud. Mediterranean Archaeol 45-5:110-113
Jashemski W, Meyer FG, Ricciardi M (2002) Plants: evidence from wall paintings, mosaics, sculpture, plant remains, graffiti, inscriptions, and Ancient Authors. In: Jashemski W, Meyer FG (eds) The natural history of Pompeii. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 80-180
Mariotti Lippi M (2000) The garden of the “Casa delle Nozze di Ercole ed Ebe” in Pompeii (Italy: Palynological investigations. Plant Biosyst 134:205-211
Saraswat KS, Chanchala S (1997) Palaeobotanical and pollen analytical investigations. Indian Archaeology 1992-93 – a review, pp 1-287
Thanheiser U, Walter J, Hope CA (2002) Roman agriculture and gardening in Egypt as seen from Kellis. In: Hope CA, Bowen GE (eds) Dakhleh Oasis Project: preliminary report on the 1994-1995 to 1998-1999 field seasons. Dakhleh Oasis Project monogr 11, Oxford, pp 299-310
Van der Veen M (2001) The botanical evidence. In: Maxfield VA, Peacock D (eds) Mons Claudianus: survey and excavations 1987-1993, vol 2, The excavations, part I. Le Caire, Paris, pp 175-247
Van der Veen M (2011) Consumption, trade and innovation: exploring the botanical remains from the Roman and Islamic ports at Quseir al-Qadim, Egypt. Africa Magna Verlag, Frankfurt
Van der Veen M, Hamilton-Dyer S (1998) Life of luxury in the desert? The food and fodder supply to Mons Claudianus. J Roman Archaeol 11:101-116
Van der Veen M, Tabinor H (2007) Food, fodder and fuel at Mons Porphyrites: the botanical evidence. In: Maxfield VA, Peacock D (eds) Survey and excavation at Mons Porphyrites 1994-1998, vol 2, The excavations. Egypt Exploration Society, London, pp 83-142
Van Zeist W, Bottema S, Van der Veen M (2001) Diet and vegetation at ancient Carthage. The archaeobotanical evidence. Groningen Institute of Archaeology, Groningen
Appendix 3 Measurements of 10 (5) modern seeds of the Citrus species mentioned in the text
Citrus medica "Etrog"
Lenght / Breadth / Thickness / Lenght / Breadth / Thickness
10.1 / 5.0 / 3.6 / MAX / 10.1 / 5.5 / 3.8
10.0 / 4.8 / 3.4 / MIN / 9.1 / 4.8 / 3.2
9.7 / 4.9 / 3.3 / AVERAGE / 9.7 / 5.0 / 3.5
9.1 / 4.8 / 3.2
9.9 / 4.8 / 3.2
9.3 / 5.0 / 3.6
10.0 / 5.2 / 3.8
9.7 / 5.5 / 3.3
9.7 / 5.5 / 3.7
9.8 / 4.8 / 3.8
Citrus medica "Diamante"
Lenght / Breadth / Thickness / Lenght / Breadth / Thickness
10.3 / 6.7 / 4.1 / MAX / 13.3 / 7.1 / 4.4
12.2 / 5.7 / 3.9 / MIN / 10.3 / 4.8 / 3.6
13.2 / 6.5 / 3.6 / AVERAGE / 11.8 / 6.4 / 3.9
12.7 / 6.9 / 4.2
10.3 / 4.8 / 3.6
11.5 / 6.5 / 3.9
10.3 / 6.8 / 4.0
12.4 / 7.1 / 3.6
13.3 / 6.5 / 4.4
12.2 / 6.7 / 4.2
Citrus x limon "Frost Eureka"
Lenght / Breadth / Thickness / Lenght / Breadth / Thickness
9.6 / 5.1 / 4.0 / MAX / 11.2 / 6.9 / 5.1
10.6 / 6.2 / 5.1 / MIN / 8.4 / 4.5 / 3.0
10.3 / 6.2 / 4.7 / AVERAGE / 9.9 / 5.9 / 4.2
11.2 / 6.5 / 3.9
10.0 / 6.0 / 4.4
9.7 / 6.5 / 4.8
9.9 / 6.9 / 4.8
9.0 / 6.2 / 3.9
8.4 / 4.5 / 3.0
10.5 / 5.0 / 3.6
Citrus x limon "Femminello"
Lenght / Breadth / Thickness / Lenght / Breadth / Thickness
8.8 / 5.4 / 3.7 / MAX / 12.9 / 7.5 / 5.4
10.6 / 7.2 / 4.1 / MIN / 8.8 / 4.6 / 2.9
11.6 / 5.9 / 3.5 / AVERAGE / 10.7 / 6.0 / 4.1
11.5 / 5.7 / 3.7
9.7 / 7.5 / 4.8
12.9 / 5.2 / 5.4
10.1 / 4.6 / 2.9
10.5 / 6.7 / 4.3
11.7 / 6.0 / 3.6
9.9 / 6.1 / 4.7
Citrus reticulata
Lenght / Breadth / Thickness / Lenght / Breadth / Thickness
11.3 / 7.5 / 4.6 / MAX / 12.5 / 7.5 / 5.5
10.2 / 6.7 / 4.3 / MIN / 10.1 / 4.7 / 3.7
10.1 / 4.7 / 3.7 / AVERAGE / 10.9 / 6.6 / 4.6
12.5 / 7.0 / 4.6
10.3 / 6.5 / 5.5
10.2 / 6.2 / 4.6
12.3 / 7.0 / 5.0
10.3 / 6.5 / 5.2
10.9 / 6.9 / 4.0
10.8 / 7.5 / 5.0
5 modern seeds (uncharred) (mm)
Citrus x aurantiifolia
Lenght / Breadth / Thickness / Lenght / Breadth / Thickness
9.8 / 4.5 / 4.4 / MAX / 10.5 / 5.8 / 4.4
10.5 / 5.8 / 3.4 / MIN / 9.1 / 4.5 / 3.2
10.2 / 5.1 / 4.4 / AVERAGE / 9.9 / 5.1 / 3.9
10.0 / 5.3 / 4.2
9.1 / 5.0 / 3.2
Citrus x aurantium
Lenght / Breadth / Thickness / Lenght / Breadth / Thickness
11.9 / 5.8 / 3.7 / MAX / 12.6 / 7.5 / 6.5
12.6 / 7.5 / 4.4 / MIN / 11.2 / 5.0 / 3.7
11.8 / 6.0 / 6.5 / AVERAGE / 12.0 / 6.1 / 5.1
11.2 / 5.0 / 5.9
12.5 / 6.0 / 4.9