Review Guide - Exam 2

Review guide - Exam 2

In preparation for the upcoming exam, please be familiar with/know the following for Chapter 6:

- the 6 functions of the skeletal system

- what bone tissue consists of

- Bone cell type, functions, and origin

- Differences in structure of Compact bone vs Spongy bone

- Parts of long bone structure

- the processes of intra-membranous and endochondral ossification and what types of bones each forms

For Chapters 7 & 8:

- types of bones based on shape

- general types of bone surface markings (Table 7.2)

- the identity of the cranial and facial bones of the skull and how most of these bones are connected together (what joint type?)

- the structural features of the vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal) – know differences between axis and atlas vertebrae

- the parts of the thoracic bones (sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and what bones articulate where)

- the number of bones within each structural subdivision of the axial & appendicular skeleton; which bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons come in pairs (have a left and right counterpart on each side of the body) – see table 7.1

-the bones of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm and hand and how they interface (what bones/bone parts articulate to form joints); the bones of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, and foot and how they interface (what bones/bone parts articulate to form joints).

-Differences between the male and female pelvis

Chapter 9:

-Be able to classify the types of joints according to structure and/or function (know table 9.2) and recognize basic structural features/characteristics of each type (especially a typical synovial joint)

- the types of movement at synovial joints (table 9.1)

-characteristics of 6 synovial joint classes (figure 9.10)

Chapter 10:

- the functions of skeletal muscle

- the 3 types of muscle tissue and the distinguishing characteristics of each

- the general structural organization of skeletal muscle (refer to figure 10.1)

- the basic components of the muscle fiber/cell

- the structural arrangement within a myofibril, including the types of filaments & proteins and regions/components (bands, zones, discs, lines) of a sarcomere; be familiar with what the different regions represent and how/why they change or do not change appearance during contraction

- the events that occur in the sliding filament mechanism contraction cycle (figure 10.6)

- the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction leading to contraction of muscle (figure 10.10)

- Factors leading to relaxation of muscle

- the difference between unfused and fused tetanus

- what constitutes a motor unit; the extent of motor unit recruitment and its impact on tension/force and fatigue (what pattern of motor unit recruitment helps prevent fatigue? How are precision movements different from those requiring less precision and more tension?)

- the differences between isometric and isotonic contractions and how concentric compares to eccentric contraction (are these last two contractions isometric or isotonic?)

-compare and contrast the three types of skeletal muscle fibers, slow oxidative, fast oxidative-glycolytic, and fast glycolytic, according to structural and functional characteristics (use table 10.4)