SEX COMPOSITION OF SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH- AN ANALYSIS OF 2011 CENSUS
A.Udaya Babu1, Dr.V.Veerannachari2 and Dr. K.Krishnaiah3
1Research scholar, 2Project fellow (SAP),3Professor
Dept.of Geography, S.V. University, Tirupati, A.P-517502.
Abstract
Sex composition of the human Population is denoted as sex ratio of Population of an area at given point of time. Sex ratio is product of the interplay of many aspects and determines the several aspects of the future. It is one of the crucial indicators of socio-economic and cultural development of a society. Imbalance of sex ratio causes many socio-economic, cultural and demographic implications. The present paper aims at examines the sex composition of Scheduled Tribe Population in rural and urban areas of Andhra Pradesh and its districts based on 2011 census data and suggestion are made for improving the sex ratios of Scheduled Tribes.
Keywords: Sex Ratio, Child Sex Ratio, Mortality, Migration, Sex Ratio at Birth, Rural and
Urban Areas
Introduction
Sex composition of the human Population is one of the basic demographic characteristics, which is extremely vital for any meaningful demographic analysis. Indian census has the tradition of bringing out disaggregated information by sex on various aspects of Population including Scheduled Tribes. The first and foremost is the simple count of males and females. But, changes in sex composition largely reflect the underlying socio-economic and cultural patterns of a society in different ways. Sex ratio defined here as the number of females per 1000 males in the Population, is an important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing equity between males and females in a society at a given point of time. It is mainly the outcome of the interplay of sex differentials in mortality, sex selective migration, sex ratio at birth and at times the sex differential in Population enumeration (Jain,1976, Pathak .F. Ram and Sing,1989, Rao and Balakrishna,1990). It is worthwhile to note that child sex ratio (0-6 years) is crucial determinant general sex ratio of any country/ region. Further, uneven distribution of the sexes in the Population can disturb the basic equilibrium within the society. Thus this specter reflected in the Indian society has raised several questions on the status of the women in general and the girl child in particular.
As per the United Nations (1998) sex ratio was recorded for World (986), China (944), India (933), U.S.A (1029), Indonesia (1004), Brazil (1025),Pakistan (938), Russian Fed. (1140), Bangladesh (953), Japan (1041) and Nigeria (1016). It is interesting to note the trend in sex ratio of the few selected countries of the period 1950-2011 that in U.S.A., Indonesia, Russian Federation and Japan has always remained above into for the last half a century. The most dramatic decline of about 200 points in the sex ratio is seen in the Russian Federation. In U.S.A., it has shown as improvement from 1002 to 1029 in the last fifty years. Bangladesh has shown a continuous improvement in its sex ratio to reach from 880 in 1950 to 953 in 2000. Pakistan and China have also shown an Improvement. Thus among the major nations of the world, India is the only exception. This unique feature of sex ratio in India has been highlighted by respective census reports and also studied by some authors ( Sexana,1982, Kanitkar,1992 and Premi ,1991). The sex ratio of the Scheduled Tribe Population in the twentieth century has shown a secular declining trend in India except some marginal increases. Further, the sex ratio is significantly varied in among states and even districts. The sex ratio of India determines by Scheduled tribe population at certain extent of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Hence, this paper study the pattern of sex ratio Scheduled Tribe and child sex ratio of Scheduled tribe in newly formed state of Andhra Pradesh and its districts in rural as well as urban areas.
Importance:
The basic Scheduled Tribe Population data on the number of males and females have been extensively used by different researchers, policy makers and demographers. The distribution of male and female in Scheduled tribe society has direct bearing on the social and economic relationships. However, in recent decades, the declining sex ratio in general and also in Scheduled Tribe is ascribed to several causes, which inturn leads to several consequences. In this context, an attempt is made in this paper to examine the sex ratio Scheduled Tribe and child sex ratio of Scheduled tribe based on the 2011 census data.
Objectives:
The objectives of paper are:
1) To study sex ratio of Scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh and its districts separately for total, rural as well as urban areas and
2) To examine the Child Sex Ratio of Scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh and its districts for total, rural and urban areas.
Methodology:
The data for this paper has taken from Census of India, 2011. Sex Ratio as well as Child Sex Ratio is analyzed separately for total, rural and urban areas of Andhra Pradesh and its thirteen districts for Scheduled Tribes. In a given area at a point of time, the number of females equal to males i.e. 1000 females per 1000 males then it termed as “sex ratio is at unity”.
Results and discussion
The interdistrict variations in the patterns of the Scheduled Tribe sex ratio along with the Scheduled tribe child sex ratio in the age group 0-6 were presented hereunder. For effective polity, planning and intervention purposes it is imperative to indentify and present this basic data at lower administrative units, In his paper, the sex ratio of the Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Tribe child sex ratio in the age group 0-6 and sex ratio age seven plus of Scheduled Tribe Population are presented at the district level for all the districts across the state. Table-1 gives data on district wise Total Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh, 2011
Table-1: District wise Total Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh, 2011
S.No / District / Total male Scheduled Tribe Population / Total female Scheduled Tribe Population / Scheduled tribe
Sex ratio
1 / Srikakulam / 81382 / 84736 / 1041
2 / Vizianagaram / 114687 / 120869 / 1054
3 / Visakhapatnam / 302905 / 315595 / 1042
4 / East Godavari / 104422 / 108773 / 1042
5 / West Godavari / 53367 / 55705 / 1044
6 / Krishna / 66734 / 65730 / 985
7 / Guntur / 125105 / 121984 / 975
8 / Prakasam / 76677 / 74468 / 971
9 / Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore / 145168 / 140829 / 970
10 / Y.S.R Kadapa / 38571 / 37315 / 967
11 / Kurnool / 42052 / 40779 / 970
12 / Anantapur / 78573 / 75554 / 962
13 / Chittoor / 79756 / 79409 / 996
Andhra Pradesh / 1309399 / 1321746 / 1009
Source: R.G.C.C.I 2011; Census of India 2011; Basic Data Sheet.
Table-1 shows that in 2011, the total sex ratio of Scheduled tribe of Andhra Pradesh was 1009 and highest total sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (1054) as against lowest in Anantapur (962). But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, only five districts namely Vizianagaram, West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Srikakulam, have total sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was at unity, and also higher than the state average, which is favourable to females. While in rest of the districts, total sex ratio of Scheduled tribe is lower than state average, which is adverse to females. Table-2 gives information on district wise Rural Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh, 2011
Table-2: District wise Rural Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh, 2011
S.No / District / Rural male Scheduled Tribe Population / Rural female Scheduled Tribe Population / Rural Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe
1 / Srikakulam / 78438 / 82000 / 1045
2 / Vizianagaram / 110300 / 115830 / 1050
3 / Visakhapatnam / 282244 / 297724 / 1055
4 / East Godavari / 96988 / 101710 / 1049
5 / West Godavari / 48661 / 50998 / 1048
6 / Krishna / 47291 / 46624 / 986
7 / Guntur / 96911 / 93994 / 970
8 / Prakasam / 63386 / 61000 / 962
9 / Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore / 122388 / 118584 / 969
10 / Y.S.R Kadapa / 29754 / 28427 / 955
11 / Kurnool / 32573 / 32162 / 987
12 / Anantapur / 64563 / 61799 / 957
13 / Chittoor / 64879 / 63874 / 985
Andhra Pradesh / 1138376 / 1154726 / 1014
Source: R.G.C.C.I 2011; Census of India 2011; Basic Data Sheet.
Table-2 depicts that in 2011, the rural sex ratio of Scheduled tribe of Andhra Pradesh was 1014, and highest rural sex ratio was recorded in the district of Visakhapatnam (1055) as against lowest in Y.S.R Kadapa (955). But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, only five districts namely Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and West Godavari have rural sex ratio of Scheduled tribe at unity and also higher than state average, while in rest of the districts, rural sex ratio of Scheduled tribe is lower than state average. Table-3 provides data on district wise Urban Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh, 2011
Table-3: District wise Urban Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh, 2011
S.No / District / Urban male Scheduled Tribe Population / Urban female Scheduled Tribe Population / Urban Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe
1 / Srikakulam / 2944 / 2736 / 929
2 / Vizianagaram / 4387 / 5039 / 1149
3 / Visakhapatnam / 20661 / 17871 / 865
4 / East Godavari / 7434 / 7063 / 950
5 / West Godavari / 4706 / 4707 / 1000
6 / Krishna / 19443 / 19106 / 983
7 / Guntur / 28194 / 27990 / 993
8 / Prakasam / 13291 / 13468 / 1013
9 / Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore / 22780 / 22245 / 977
10 / Y.S.R Kadapa / 8817 / 8888 / 1008
11 / Kurnool / 9479 / 8617 / 909
12 / Anantapur / 14010 / 13755 / 982
13 / Chittoor / 14877 / 15535 / 1044
Andhra Pradesh / 171023 / 167020 / 977
Source: R.G.C.C.I 2011; Census of India 2011; Basic Data Sheet.
Table-3 revels that in 2011, the urban sex ratio of Scheduled tribe of Andhra Pradesh was 977 and highest urban sex ratio was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (1149) as against lowest in Visakhapatnam (865). But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, five districts namely Vizianagaram, West Godavari, Prakasam Y.S.R. Kadapa and Chittoor, urban sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was equal or higher than unity and also higher than state average, which is an index of most favourable picture for females. However, in four districts namely Krishna, Guntur, S.P.S.Nellore, and Anantapur, urban sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was higher than state average, while in rest of the districts, urban sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was lower than state average, which adverse to women. This can attributed to sex differentials in migration and mortality rates of Scheduled tribe (Pravin Visaria, 1961 and Coale, 1991), which are mainly determined by various socio-economic and cultural aspects. Table-4 furnishes information on district wise Total Child Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011.
Table-4 shows that in 2011, the total child sex ratio of Scheduled tribe of Andhra Pradesh was 964 and highest total child sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (1010) as against lowest in Anantapur (886).
Table-4: District wise Total Child Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011
S.No / District / Total male
Scheduled Tribe Population / Total female Scheduled Tribe Population / Total Child
Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe
1 / Srikakulam / 9319 / 9060 / 972
2 / Vizianagaram / 13893 / 14033 / 1010
3 / Visakhapatnam / 40177 / 40269 / 1002
4 / East Godavari / 12723 / 12790 / 1005
5 / West Godavari / 6447 / 6277 / 974
6 / Krishna / 8590 / 8097 / 943
7 / Guntur / 17503 / 16418 / 938
8 / Prakasam / 11269 / 10604 / 941
9 / Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore / 19368 / 17907 / 925
10 / Y.S.R Kadapa / 5684 / 5313 / 935
11 / Kurnool / 5946 / 5529 / 930
12 / Anantapur / 10177 / 9012 / 886
13 / Chittoor / 10711 / 10256 / 958
Andhra Pradesh / 171807 / 165565 / 964
Source: R.G.C.C.I 2011; Census of India 2011; Basic Data Sheet.
But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, three districts namely Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam and East Godavari, the total child sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was equal or higher than unity and also higher than state average, which is an index of most favourable picture for female children of Scheduled tribe. However, only in two districts namely Srikakulam and East Godavari, total child sex ratio Scheduled tribe was higher than state average, while in rest of the districts, total child sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was lower than state average, which adverse to female children. This can attributed mainly to sex selective abortions (Amartyasen,2001), sex ratio at birth, differentials in mortal rates of female children and partially to difference in migration of female children among Scheduled tribes, which are mainly determined by several socio-economic and cultural factors. Table-5 furnishes information on district wise Rural Child Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011.
Table-5 reveals that in 2011, the rural child sex ratio of Scheduled tribe of Andhra Pradesh was 967 and highest rural child sex ratio of Scheduled tribe was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (1011) as against lowest in Anantapur (887).
Table-5: District wise Rural Child Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011
S.No / District / Rural male
Child Scheduled Tribe Population / Rural female
Child Scheduled Tribe Population / Rural
Child Sex ratio of Scheduled tribe
1 / Srikakulam / 9010 / 8765 / 973
2 / Vizianagaram / 13478 / 13627 / 1011
3 / Visakhapatnam / 38136 / 38423 / 1008
4 / East Godavari / 11907 / 12010 / 1009
5 / West Godavari / 5792 / 5678 / 980
6 / Krishna / 6172 / 5787 / 938
7 / Guntur / 13730 / 12764 / 930
8 / Prakasam / 9428 / 8838 / 937
9 / Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore / 16664 / 15498 / 930
10 / Y.S.R Kadapa / 4375 / 4019 / 919
11 / Kurnool / 4714 / 4387 / 931
12 / Anantapur / 8332 / 7390 / 887
13 / Chittoor / 8842 / 8479 / 959
Andhra Pradesh / 150580 / 145665 / 967
Source: R.G.C.C.I 2011; Census of India 2011; Basic Data Sheet.