College Board Learning Objectives (2-4%)

History and Perspectives Notes Organizer Name:

AP Psychology

College Board Learning Objectives (2-4%)

¨  Recognize how philosophical and physiological perspectives shaped the development of psychological thought.

¨  Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior:

o  Structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years;

o  Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanist emerging later;

o  Evolutionary, biological, cognitive, and biopsychosocial as more contemporary approaches.

¨  Recognize the strengths and limitation of applying theories to explain behavior.

¨  Distinguish the different domains of psychology (e.g. biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, experimental, human factors, industrial-organizational, personality, psychometric, social).

¨  Identify the major historical figures in psychology (e.g. Mary Whiton Calkins, Charles Darwin, Dorothea Dix, Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, William James, Ivan Pavlov, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, B.F. Skinner, Margaret Floy Washburn, John B. Watson, Wilhelm Wundt).

MODULE 1: PSYCHOLOGY’S HISTORY

PRESCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY

·  Socrates and Platoà

·  Aristotleà

·  Descartesà

·  John Locke à

o  Empiricismà

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IS BORN

·  Wilhelm Wundtà

·  Early Schools of Thought

o  Structuralismà

o  Functionalismà

o  Behaviorismà

THINKING ABOUT THE MIND’S STRUCTURE

·  Edward Bradfort Tichenerà

·  Margaret Floy Washburn à

·  Structuralismà

·  Introspectionà

THINKING ABOUT THE MIND’S FUNCTIONS

·  William Jamesà

·  Functionalismà

·  Mary Whiton Calkinsà

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE DEVELOPS

·  Behavioristsà

o  John B Watsonà

o  B.F. Skinnerà

·  Freudian Psychologyà

o  Sigmund Freudà

·  Humanistic psychologistsà

o  Carl Rodgersà

o  Abraham Maslowà

·  Cognitive Revolutionà

o  Cognitive Psychologyà

o  Cognitive Neuroscienceà

·  Define Psychologyà

· 

o  Behaviorà

o  Mental processesà

o  Scienceà

MODULE 2: PSYCHOLOGY’S BIG ISSUES AND APPROACHES

PSYCHOLOGY’S BIGGEST QUESTION

·  Nature-Nurture Issueà

·  Natural Selectionà

·  Nature via Nurture: Nurture works on what nature endows.

PSYCHOLOGY’S THREE MAIN LEVELS OF ANALYSIS

·  Levels of Analysisà

Meyers, D. G. and Fineburg, A. C. (2014). Psychology for AP. New York, NY: Worth.

·  Biopsychosocial approachà

·  Positive psychologyà

o  Doretha Dixà

7 PERSPECTIVES OF MODERN DAY PSYCHOLOGY

Perspective / People / Focus / Questions
Humanistic / How can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth?
Psychodynamic/
Psychoanalytic / How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Biologic/
Neuroscience/
Biophysiological / How are nervous signals passed? What part of the brain is functioning when? How is blood chemistry linked with mood or motive? To what extent is our personality or intelligence due to genes? The environment?
Evolutionary / How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavioral / How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter behavior?
Cognitive / How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving problems?
Sociocultural / How are we alike as members of one human family? How do we differ as a product of our environment?

PSYCHOLOGY’S SUBFIELDS

AP Psychology, Lallemand, 15-16